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ny of the additives used with them.The effective UV radiation that does reach the earth’s surface extends from about 290–400 nm. This range happens to include the highest energy ponent UV band, and the segment around 300 nm, which is the most distractive to plastics. Some manmade highenergy radiation sources mercury arc lamps, xenon arcs, carbon arcs, and various sunlamps can emit radiation at wave lengths below 290 nm and these can degrade plastics even more severely than natural sun light. Hence, they are often used for accelerated testing of plastics.The energy content of UV radiation in the 290–400 nm can rupture most of the chemical bonds present in polymer structures. Not all the polymers are equally affected by UV radiation, and some have a degree of resistance, otably polymethyl methacrylates and fluorocarbons. Others, that in their pure forms could be expected to be resistant to UV, are degraded because of contaminants present that act as sites for UV energy absorption.Absorption of radiation energy by polymer produces molecular excitations: if the level of absorbed energy is high enough, it can activate a chemical reaction whereby internal bonds (carbon to carbon, carbon to hydrogen, carbon to halogen, etc.) are broken so that polymer degradation results. PVC is damaged by dehydrochlorination (release of hydrogen chloride), autooxidation and echanochemical chain scission. This degradation is caused by the simultaneous sequence of these reactions.Dehydrochlorination, prevailing reaction during processing,leads to increasing discoloration. In the course of the proceeding degradation the physical properties are also changed in the direction of increasing embrittlement. PVC of ideal constitution should be thermally stable, which was concluded from investigations with model substances. Therefore, it has to be assumed that the damage, articularly the dehydrochlorinations, starts from sites of the macromolecule with labile chlorine–carbon bonds. PVC can be degraded by heat and sun lights. The release of hydrogen chloride, which is the indication of PVC degradation in prolonged exposure to the sun’s electromagnetic radiation in the UV region, is occurred according to the following reactions:The color of PVCbased article is changed from yellow to black according to degrees of the degradation. Once the reaction has started, polymers quickly and progressively experience changes in appearance: surface qualities, gloss, chalking, color, electrical properties, tensile strength and elongation。因此,它們通常用于塑料的加速試驗。通過實物模型得到的理想的PVC的結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是穩(wěn)定的,這就需要假定脫氯化氫的反應(yīng)是從含有不穩(wěn)定氯碳鍵的高分子開始的。從理論上講,許多純聚合物不應(yīng)該吸收紫外線輻射,因此就不會產(chǎn)生光降解。聚氯乙烯熱穩(wěn)定性很差。這兩種材料含有活性亞甲基,可通過自身的烯醇式氫組提供H,來阻止PVC熱降解產(chǎn)生自由基。鈦白粉是目前最重要的白色無機(jī)顏料,具有全面的適用性。雖然看起來減少鈦白粉的使用將導(dǎo)致有效的紫外線穿透深度和長度的增加而加快PVC的降解,實際上實驗結(jié)果并不是這樣。因此,由于在戶外使而長期接受紫外線輻射的聚氯乙烯制品,如乙烯基壁板、乙烯基窗和窗框組件等通常都添加有紫外線穩(wěn)定劑。人們普遍認(rèn)為之所以如此,主要是因為有雜質(zhì)的存在,特別是聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯,即使它的濃度很低,%以下,但是聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯對機(jī)械性能的影響卻是很大。在參考文獻(xiàn)中我們可以看到用于電纜絕緣材料的聚氯乙烯的回收。用100%的聚氯乙烯瓶子材料制成的泡沫產(chǎn)品并沒有對它的性能產(chǎn)生多大的不利影響。實驗中使用LG Chemical Ltd生產(chǎn)的亞力克作為抗沖擊改性劑(IM808)。內(nèi)潤滑劑(ESKAY4)為聚環(huán)氧乙烷和硬脂酸鈣的復(fù)合體系,外潤滑劑(WCBA)為聚乙烯蠟,二者購自Kimfor Chemical Ltd。我們經(jīng)常提到的膨潤法是一種比較簡單的處理方法,并且對環(huán)境的影響較小。有報道曾經(jīng)描述到用100%?的回收再利用的聚氯乙烯做成的電纜成功的通過了初步的測驗。%的聚乙烯和經(jīng)過多次加工的瓶子薄片混合在一起,那么會由于聚乙烯雜質(zhì)的影響加速它的降解過程。并在加速風(fēng)化條件下對這些制品進(jìn)行褪色實驗。本項研究,通過確定變色和某些條件下加速老化試驗的力學(xué)性能來研究混有二氧化鈦的氧化鎂在戶外用PVC門窗異型材制品中的可用性。不過,雖然二氧化鈦是一種高效的聚氯乙烯紫外線光穩(wěn)定劑成分,但它有幾個嚴(yán)重的缺點。有效的穩(wěn)定往往需要抗氧化系統(tǒng)的結(jié)合,這涉及到不同機(jī)械作用的互相影響。這會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的變色和力學(xué)性能的降低。因此,化學(xué)反應(yīng)可以通過自由基在聚合物結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)發(fā)生并擴(kuò)大。PVC若長期暴露在陽光中的紫外線下會根據(jù)下述反應(yīng)方程而釋放出氯化氫:隨著反應(yīng)程度的加劇,PVC的顏色會逐漸由黃色變?yōu)楹谏?。聚合物對于紫外線輻射的抗性并不相同,如聚甲基丙烯酸酯和碳氟化合物對于紫外線輻射的抗性就比較低。增塑聚氯乙烯很常見,如乙烯基板材產(chǎn)品和從塑料溶膠中提取的對象。同樣,普通熒光燈的紫外線也可以降解聚合物以及聚合物中所使用的多種添加劑。PVC的降解是脫氯化氫、自動氧化和斷鏈等反應(yīng)共同作用的結(jié)果。聚合物分子可以通過吸收紫外線輻射達(dá)到高能量激發(fā)態(tài)而變得不穩(wěn)定。金屬離子極易吸收紫外線輻射,并快速將吸收的能量轉(zhuǎn)移給周圍的聚合物分子,因此,金屬離子作為光增敏劑,同時能促進(jìn)降解。其中最廣泛使用的紫外線穩(wěn)定劑是二氧化鈦顏料。我們希望當(dāng)PVC受到熱和紫外線的共同作用時,這種穩(wěn)定的復(fù)合穩(wěn)定體系的穩(wěn)定效果比單獨穩(wěn)定劑的效果總和要好。二氧化鈦是一種成本相對較高的物品外墻使用硬聚氯乙烯成分,因為這類物品必須經(jīng)常有更大的尺寸大大超過了在文章紫外線的有效穿透深度結(jié)構(gòu)性原因,制造特別是重大的缺點。所以在利用聚氯乙烯加工成可用的制品的諸多過程(如擠出成型)中,由于加工溫度較高,大部分都加有穩(wěn)定劑以抑制加工過程中聚合物的熱降解。對于已經(jīng)使用了20年到25年的舊窗來說,沖擊強(qiáng)度、模量、維卡溫度、熱穩(wěn)定性等一些性能都是一定的,調(diào)查也表明,這類回收的聚氯乙烯也適合進(jìn)行再加工。隨著瓶子材料的數(shù)量的增加,并沒有給聚合物帶來明顯的影響,比如說凝膠時間、熔化流變性、電鍍性能,也沒有提高它的熱穩(wěn)定性。在參考中報道了聚氯乙烯材料手的第一次結(jié)果和經(jīng)驗。聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯人造纖維可以在一個專門的機(jī)器中直接生成非纖維織物