【正文】 ，并與溜板箱一起沿光桿運(yùn)動(dòng)，光桿全長范圍開有鍵槽。它實(shí)際上是一由車床床身V形導(dǎo)軌引導(dǎo)的、能在車床床身主軸箱和尾架之間滑動(dòng)的H形滑塊。 tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the ：尾架總成基本包括三部分，底座、尾架體和套筒軸。 headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways(the slide surface of the bed).The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the ：主軸箱固定在車床床身的左側(cè)，它包括軸線平行于導(dǎo)軌的主軸。高能加工需要進(jìn)一步的開發(fā)，特別是注入劑量和處理方法。通用的高能加工包括電子束處理、離子注入和激光束處理簡要討論如下：Electron beam beam treatment alters the surface properties by rapid heating—using electron beam and rapid cooling—in the order of 106℃/see in a very shallow region, 100μm, near the technique can also be used in hardfacing to produce “surface alloys”.電子束處理：電子束處理在靠近表面很淺(100μm)的區(qū)域通過用電子束快速加熱并以106℃/秒等級(jí)快速冷卻來改變表面性能。Diamond CVD coating process is introduced to increase the surface hardness of cutting, the process is done at the temperatures higher than 700℃(1300℉)which will soften most tool 。The plasma is established between the substrate(workpiece)and the target(donor)and transposes the sputtered off target atoms to the surface of the (工件)和靶材(原料物質(zhì))之間并將被濺射的靶材原子轉(zhuǎn)移到基體的表面上。熔化后的金屬絲頂端進(jìn)入錐體霧化并驅(qū)使其到基體上。Deposit thickness of to 1mm is mon, and thickness greater than 1cm can be achieved with some ，對(duì)某些材料則沉淀厚度可以達(dá)到1cm以上。很好地調(diào)節(jié)電源使波動(dòng)最小化并在載荷變化情況(如同電鍍?nèi)萜髦锌吹降哪菢?下提供穩(wěn)定的可預(yù)知電流。the electrochemistry which is the medium through which metal ions are exchanged and transferred to the substrate to be coated。因?yàn)榉磻?yīng)產(chǎn)物不能從晶片表面分離，拋光液中活性成分就不能暴露并與新表面上的原子起反應(yīng)，這會(huì)抑制化學(xué)反應(yīng)。The bined action of polishing pad, abrasive particles and chemical reagents results in material removal and polishing of the wafer mechanical polishing creates flat, damagefree on a variety of brittle materials and it is used extensively on silicon wafers in the manufacture of integrated 、研磨微粒和化學(xué)反應(yīng)物的共同作用導(dǎo)致晶片表面的材料去除并拋光。該膜在微觀凹陷處最厚而在微觀凸出處最薄。電解拋光工藝使金屬物體的微觀表面平滑和簡單化。上面是研磨前表面可能的外觀模樣而下面則是研磨后的模樣。根據(jù)工件硬度，研磨壓力可在7kPa到140kPa(1到20psi)范圍中取。Lapping has two main , it produces a superior surface finish with all machining marks being removed from the , it is used as a method of obtaining very close fits between mating parts such as pistons and 。研磨去除了微觀峰頂從而產(chǎn)生相對(duì)平坦的平臺(tái)。通過電解拋光能在金屬表面得到鏡面光潔度。Electrical resistance is at a minimum wherever the film is thinnest, resulting in the greatest rate of metallic selectively removes microscopic high points or “peaks” faster than the rate of attack on the corresponding microdepressions or “valleys”.電阻在膜最薄處最小，導(dǎo)致最大金屬分解率。化學(xué)機(jī)械拋光可使多種易碎材料平整且不受損害，因此在集成電路制造中被廣泛地用在硅晶片上。The balance and positive effects of two steps decide the total removal rate and its surface degree of 。and a cathode(negatively charged electrode)which is the substrate to be (正電極)，是要沉淀材料的來源；電化學(xué)反應(yīng)是使金屬離子交換并遷移到要覆蓋基體上的中間過程；以及一個(gè)陰極(負(fù)電極)，即要覆蓋的基體。As the current is applied, positive metal ions from the solution are attracted to the negatively charged cathode and deposit on the a replenishment for these deposited ions, the metal from the anode is dissolved and goes into the solution and balances the ionic ，來自溶液的正的金屬離子被吸引到帶負(fù)電的陰極并沉淀在其上。The process for application of thermal spray metal is relatively simple and consists of the following stages.(1)Melting the metal at the gun.(2)Spraying the liquid metal onto the prepared substrate by means of pressed ：(1)在噴槍內(nèi)熔化金屬。ThinFilm Vapor Deposition(PVD)and Chemical Vapor Deposition(CVD)are two most mon types of thinfilm coating ：物理蒸發(fā)沉淀(PVD)和化學(xué)蒸發(fā)沉淀(CVD)是兩種最常見薄膜涂層方法的類型。When the substrate is nonconductive, ., polymer, a radiofrequency(RF)sputtering is used can produce thin, less than 3μm(120μin), hard thinfilm coatings, ., titanium nitride(TIN)which is harder than the hardest ，例如聚合物，則采用射頻(RF)濺射代替。可是此工藝要在高于700℃(1300℉)的溫度下才能實(shí)現(xiàn)，這溫度會(huì)軟化大多數(shù)工具鋼。這種技術(shù)也被用于表面硬化產(chǎn)生“表面合金”。第十一章 Lathe 車床The Lathe and Its Construction車床及其結(jié)構(gòu)A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat 。主軸通過裝在主軸箱內(nèi)的齒輪箱驅(qū)動(dòng)。底座是能在車床床身上沿導(dǎo)軌滑動(dòng)的鑄件，它有一定位裝置能讓整個(gè)尾架根據(jù)工件長度鎖定在任何需要位置。The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead (進(jìn)給桿)或絲桿(引導(dǎo)螺桿)機(jī)動(dòng)。A modern lathe usually has a quickchange gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variety of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shifting the appropriate ，通過一系列齒輪由主軸驅(qū)動(dòng)。On the other hand, finishing tools have larger nose radii and are used for obtaining the final required dimensions with good surface finish by making slight depths of turning tools can be righthand or lefthand types, depending upon the direction of can have straight, bent, or offset ，用于通過微量進(jìn)刀深度來獲得具有較好表面光潔度的最終所需尺寸。Threadcutting tools have straight shanks for external thread cutting and are of the bentshank type when cutting internal ，而車內(nèi)螺紋的螺紋切削刀具則是彎刀桿。Lathe Operations車床操作In the following section, we discuss the various machining operations that can be performed on a conventional engine ，要討論的是能在傳統(tǒng)普通車床上進(jìn)行的各種機(jī)加工作業(yè)。The axial feed is provided by the carriage or the pound rest, either manually or automatically, whereas the depth of cut is controlled by the cross ，然而切削深度則由橫向滑板控制。在大多數(shù)端面車削作業(yè)中，工件被支撐在卡盤或花盤上。通過搖動(dòng)復(fù)式刀架操縱柄手動(dòng)提供進(jìn)給。對(duì)需要較小錐角(小于8176。.在此作業(yè)中，能照常使用自動(dòng)軸向進(jìn)給。Consequently, if the rotational speed of the lead screw is equal to that of the spindle(., that of the workpiece), the pitch of the resulting cut thread is exactly equal to that of the lead (即工件的轉(zhuǎn)速)，生成切削螺紋的節(jié)距就正好等于絲桿的節(jié)距。This equation is useful in determining the kinematic linkage between the lathe spindle and the lead screw and enables proper selection of the gear train between ，并且提供了正確挑選它們之間輪系的方法。到10176。工件安裝于兩頂尖之間；然后將尾架頂尖朝垂直于車床主軸方向移動(dòng)一距離S。(2)Employing special form tools for external, very short, conical width of