【正文】 ’s economic involvement in Poland The Czech project has prompted Toyota to raise investment in its engine and transmission plant in Walbrzych, Poland, from E100 million to E400 million5 (Automotive News Europe 11 March 2021). It also plans to build another pounds 60million gearbox and engine plant in Poland to supply the Czechbased operation. The Walbrzych facility would bee Toyota’s largest auto ponents factory and concluded the process of building the pillars of Toyota’s production activities in Europe. The decision to supply car ponents from Poland results from the good infrastructure linking Poland to the Czech Republic, thus allowing a lower transportation cost of ponents. Another 110 million pound worth of engine plant is set up in 4 ‘Jidoka’ refers to the quality of the product, signifying the selfregulation of the entire process. This system requires flexible work anization, as workers have to be multiskilled, they have to do their jobs and be responsible for some maintenance and quality control (Kumon 1998, p. 146). 5 This planned project would add 300,000 engines and 50,000 transmissions to the 250,000 gearboxes already planned. Asian FDI in Central and Eastern Europe and its impact on the host countries 353 Wroclaw, Poland, creating 350 jobs that seeks to serve a forecasted upturn in demand in Eastern Europe and its plants in UK and Turkey. These greenfield investments offer an opportunity to upgrade the quality of the domestic car ponents suppliers as a cooperation with Toyota will stimulate horizontal 14 spillover of technology but benefits are believed to be patchy due to the limitations of the Polish banking system. Bank loans are subjected to higher interest rates that hamper the development of local suppliers. Noheless, this new project will create new job opportunities in a country, which is troubled by high unemployment rates. Toyota seemed to have localised production of its European cars by setting up ponents plants in Poland but the positive contribution of such production depends greatly on the policies of the government to upgrade human and technical capabilities of the local firms. Conclusion This is a case of a pany investing in a joint venture to increase market shares and future sales opportunities in Europe. Although it is a joint venture, Toyota has made a number of greenfield investments in the Czech Republic and Poland. Toyota’s parative advantage has significant impact on these host countries by creating employment and contributing beneficial spillover effects on the quality of local workforce and firms, thus creating an economic multiplier effect. The CEE governments have influenced the location and impact of Toyota’s investment in the forms of government incentives and modernisation of infrastructure, but the quality of the local suppliers is still doubtful despite the implementation of the supplier development programme, thus restricting the extent of backward linkages on these economies. Daewoo: The bankrupt chaebol Motives to enter into CEE Daewoo is the first Korean investor to invest heavily in the Central and Eastern European countries. The belief that Daewoowould prosper along with the growth of Central and Eastern European countries once their economic development took off together with the bination of a cheap labour pool and the region’s freetrade access to the EU had attracted it to invest in these economies. It is interesting to note that Daewoo’s globalisation strategy was different from other chaebols and it was formulated as a reaction to Daewoo’s poor international market presence and the need to build a quality brand name (El Kahal 2021, p. 278). Its main drive was to carve out a leadership position in these new, unexplored markets in CEE where there was lesser intense petition, so as to transform Daewoo into one of the world’s 10 leading car panies. Strategy Daewoo had a strong preference for a high degree of control over their foreign production units6。這些方法被認為是本地公司應用不公平的法律救濟向日本 39。當?shù)貎?nèi)容的份額 10％，這是目前相當?shù)拖啾?，歐盟 60％的內(nèi)容規(guī)則，從而限制的程度在該地區(qū)落后的聯(lián)系。 勞動人口。有計劃，總投資氪 26 億美元擴大到 2021 年其生產(chǎn)。一項為期十年的免稅期，免稅進口和出口工程設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)和工作中獲得回報松下公司的投資。它擁有所有權(quán)安排各種不同的東道國從合營企業(yè)的全部所有權(quán)，但從來沒有超過50％的電路板少位置（薩爾瓦多 Kahal2021 年）。的 MS 救濟，沒有發(fā)生罷工。 勞動管理。幾個分包交易盡管得到成功實施面臨的問題。之間加強與（經(jīng)合組織， 2021 年）本地供應商的跨國公司的關(guān)系。他們將共同除了發(fā)動機的生產(chǎn)，因此確保了汽車的所有零部件更高標準的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和降低生產(chǎn)成本（路透社消息， 1999 年 10 月 8 日）。該工廠作為生產(chǎn)基地歐洲市場。圍繞一對匈牙利的三百萬三分之一的汽車超過 10 歲，不得不更換（巴科什 1995 年，第 197 頁）。波蘭政府的政策有造成更多問題的爆發(fā)大宇。成千上萬的員工失去了工作的簡化操作地方，使大宇吸引更多的外國買家。波蘭當局也實行不恰當?shù)恼?，以提升技術(shù)能力本地供應商，從而限制了當?shù)亟?jīng)濟落后的聯(lián)系。在統(tǒng)籌科（ Lautier 2021 年，第 256 頁）。大宇特殊關(guān)稅和貿(mào)易協(xié)定。相信 Daewoowould 繁榮與增長而中歐和東歐國家的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展一旦起飛，加上廉價的勞動力相結(jié)合以及該地區(qū)的自由貿(mào)易進入歐盟已吸引到投資于這些經(jīng)濟體。銀行貸款受到更 高利率妨礙當?shù)毓痰陌l(fā)展。該當?shù)毓烫峁┝悴考哪芰⑹顷P(guān)鍵的程度關(guān)于捷克共和國的后向聯(lián)系。這是豐田汽車項目是一個重要的品牌建設(shè)工作，以提高目前的歐洲汽車市場 4％。 Jobcreation 及訓練補助金也作了和豐田獲豁免繳納企業(yè)所得稅十年。捷克共和國具有低生產(chǎn)成本，穩(wěn)定的經(jīng)濟因素及成為歐洲聯(lián)盟（歐盟） 2021 年成員國，提供了進入歐盟市場的條件。據(jù)Phisalaphong（ 2021 年），水平溢出是對當?shù)毓旧a(chǎn)力的提高，作為外國競爭者進入本地市場的一種展示，本地人才的教育機構(gòu)可以對其講明。企業(yè)投資者在不同時間和不同部門的不同觀點有對這些轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體的轉(zhuǎn)變有著重要的作用，因此可能有很多不同的因素影響這些經(jīng)濟體。因為他們提供了能力和促進經(jīng)濟增長的舉措。通過這個案例研究，本文可以表明，亞洲 FDI 對這些新興市場的影響取決于在很大程度上亞洲企業(yè)的相對優(yōu)勢和由東道國政府采取的行動。要新興這些市場，F(xiàn)DI 是一個創(chuàng)建和重建競爭市場的經(jīng)濟體系的工具。他們有著令人興奮的對跨國公司的挑戰(zhàn)。第一個問題， FDI的數(shù)據(jù)充分體現(xiàn)了亞洲投資者受援國受到東道國法律法規(guī)的制約，外商直接投資轉(zhuǎn)型經(jīng)濟體似乎是一個對東道國和東道國經(jīng)濟體一個積極的方案。 在中歐和東歐的亞洲外國直接投資的個案研究 外國直接投資的影響概念 分析前面的特點和政策我們可以得出東道國會中歐和東歐的影響力對亞洲投資者的經(jīng)驗和影響可以直接觸及經(jīng)濟上的投資，這是將明智的重點放在外國直接投資從 Phisalaphong（ 2021年）和催款工作產(chǎn)生積極的影響（ 1993 年 b）。豐田相比比較落后，其他主要的日本汽車制造商，在當?shù)厣a(chǎn)和設(shè)立地區(qū)總部（公文 1998 年）。除此之外，豐田被允許選擇新廠址。這家合資企業(yè)被視為最好的和符合成本效益的方式獲得可觀的市場份額，而不是綠地投資，作為附加的優(yōu)惠和更大的收購詛咒著 4 豐田。不過，豐田的投資后向可能是有限的吸收當?shù)仄髽I(yè)的能力，所以豐田的技術(shù)令人懷疑。供應汽車的決定來自波蘭的結(jié)果組件連接波蘭從良好的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在捷克共和國，從而使運輸成本較低組件。豐田的比較優(yōu)勢，對這些重大影響通過創(chuàng)造就業(yè)和促進，對東道國的有利泄漏對當?shù)貏趧恿推髽I(yè)的質(zhì)量效果，從而創(chuàng)造一個經(jīng)濟乘數(shù)效應。39。這項目使大宇趕上它的對手，成為第二大汽車制片人在波蘭過夜。大宇曾許諾將達到70％當?shù)睾克?，以符?60％出口歐洲內(nèi)容規(guī)則歐盟（ Lautier2021 年）。在韓國破產(chǎn)了連鎖反應延伸到波蘭，羅馬尼亞和捷克共和國。因此，波蘭可能會尋求從大宇和損害其通過國際仲裁的債權(quán)人是如果大宇仍然無法找到買方大宇統(tǒng)籌科波蘭。在遲延會造成許多困難，經(jīng)濟不穩(wěn)定和不安全的工人。鈴木這一點非常重要，這是任何政治敏感和