測(cè)繪專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文文獻(xiàn)gis(完整版)
【正文】 ta input include: (1) Typing: Reports, survey documents, population statistics, etc., all have to be entered into the puter preferably in a data base for m at or as tabular data . (2) Scanning: Paper maps such as topographic maps, aerial photographs, remotely sensed images if not already in a digital for m at need to be scanned and then georeferenced or georectified. When a picture or a map or an aerial photo is georeferenced it will open in a GIS program in the right place on a map in relation to other map objects being viewed. They will be in the proper place spatially. (3) Digitizing: currently digitizing is the most mon method for converting existing maps and images into digital form. Digitizing is basically tracing points, lines, or areas fro m a paper map , or aerial photo so that instead of a photograph or a raster image , there is no w a digital line graphic or vector file . (4) GPS data capture: Data can also be placed in a GIS as points, lines, and polygons from a GPS unit if it has the capability of recording such information. (5) Aerial photography/remote sensing: T his is an increasingly popular way to gather spatial data. Aerial photographs are taken fro m an aircraft, after which they are measured and interpreted. Similarly, satellite re mote sensing can be interpreted for physical features and attributes. (6)Censuses: Censuses conducted by the . Census Bureau gather a variety of demographic data such as population , age structure , sex ratio, race co m position , employment rates . (7) Statistics: Statistics are a set of mathematical methods used to collect and analyze data .These methods include the collection and study of data at different time intervals and at a fixed location, providing information for yearbooks, weather station reports, etc. This information often has a spatial ponent and can thus be incorporated into a GIS. (8) Tracking: Tracking is a process of collecting attribute data on changes that occur at a location over a period of time. Examples of tracking include: monitoring the change of an ecosystem, and realtime monitoring of a moving objects such as vehicles. Data Storage, Retrieval, and Management: Different types of information required for a GIS require storage which allows the information to be updated and queried for analysis by the user. There are two types of information to be stored。這可以是一個(gè)特征點(diǎn)的經(jīng)緯度這樣簡(jiǎn)單。讓我們近距離認(rèn)識(shí) GIS 的每一方面。（ 3）數(shù)字化：當(dāng)前，數(shù)字化是將現(xiàn)在地圖和影像轉(zhuǎn)
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