【正文】 the fruit fly, and among themselves share percent of their genes. Culture and nurture count in making us what we turn out to be, although that will perhaps e as no great surprise to those outside the closed world of academic theory. This partakes of the rediscovery of the wheel, since before positivism largely took over the social sciences in American universities in the 1950s, it was generally assumed by professors, as well as laymen, that culture had a great deal to do with how material civilization developed. ［ 1］ That argument, however, depended on historical evidence and reasoning, which had e to be considered “soft” knowledge—unscientific, subjective, itself culturechs in order to oppress the rest. To suggest that modern liberal civilization, science and technology emerged in Western Europe because of a particular cultural development linked to the assumptions, values and philosophies of classical Greece and Rome, the Jewish and Christian religions, and the ideas of the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, was thought to put down other civilizations where such development had not taken place. This notion, “popular early in the 20th century,” according to a New York Times report on the matter, is now “unsettling scholars and policymakers,” since it “challeng 此資料來自企業(yè) es the assumptions of market economists and liberal thinkers.” These are nearly all, to some degree, economic determinists. The matter is of practical concern in making policy. Take the worst case: the problem of contemporary Africa. Until the 1950s, Africa was generally considered to be a region of pretures, developed among a variety of peoples originally practicing simple agriculture, or hunting and gathering. Some cultures were of great artistic plexity。 reflect 表示以沉思的方式回顧、回想發(fā)生過的事情，常與 on 連用。辨： explanations “解釋 ”。 【答案】［ A］ an objective 【解析】 objective 客觀的。辨： subjective “主觀的 ”， theoretic “理論的 ”， conclusive “結(jié)論的，決定性的 ”。 【答案】［ D］ What 【解析】應(yīng)選［ D］ what。 【答案 】［ C］ unpredictable 此資料來自企業(yè) 【解析】［ A］ unanimous “意見一致的，無異議的 ”，［ B］ unimaginable “想不到的，不可思議的 ”，［ C］ unpredictable “不可預(yù)見的 ”，［ D］ unfortunate “不幸的 ”。 some were quite advanced politically, resembling in many respects European feudalism, but all were without written languages or written knowledge.［ 370 Words］ ［ A］ They were equally plicated in terms of gene. ［ B］ Humans were much more geically plicated than the fruit fly, geically speaking. ［ C］ Humans were two times as plicated as the fruit fly in gene. ［ D］ The fruit fly was less stable than humans in the structure of genes. ng to the text? ［ A］ Modern scholars tend to deny the influence of culture on social development. ［ B］ Only after the 1950s did scholars realize the great impact of culture. ［ C］ Positivism believes in the truth that culture has a lot to do with economic development. ［ D］ laymen would be surprised to see that culture is so influential on society. 此資料來自企業(yè) iety is ［ A］ sound.［ B］ unapproachable. ［ C］ groundless.［ D］ naive. a as an example of ［ A］ political advancement. ［ B］ sophisticated economy. ［ C］ artistic plexity. ［ D］ underdeveloped cultures. ［ A］ Culture and nurture are closely related to each other. ［ B］ Culture is a motive force in social development. ［ C］ Policymaking es mainly from culture. ［ D］ Scientific culture directs economic development. Text 3 A cofigurative culture is one in which the prevailing model for members of the society is the behavior of their contemporaries. ［ 1］ Although there are records of postfigurative cultures in which the elders provide the model for the behavior of the young and in which there has been as yet no break in the acceptance of the ways of the ancestors, there are few societies in which cofiguration has bee the only form of cultural transmission and none is known in which this model alone has be 此資料來自企業(yè) en preserved through generations. In a society in which the only model was a cofigurative one, old and young alike would assume that it was ?society? for the behavior of each new generation to differ from that of the preceding generation. In all cofigurative cultures the elders are still dominant in the sense that they set the style and define the limits within which cofiguration is expressed in the behavior of the young. There are societies in which approbation by the elders is decisive for the acceptance of new behavior, that is, the young look not to their peers, but to their elders, for the final approval of change. ［ 2］ But at the same time, when there is a shared expectation that members of a generation will model their behavior on that of their contemporaries, especially their adolescent age mates, and that their behavior will differ from that of their parents and grandparents, each individual, as he successfully embodies a new style, bees to some extent a model for others of his generation. Cofiguration has its beginning in a break in the postfigurative system. Such a break