【正文】 搜集信息 Comparison of performance against an external standard ? 將表現(xiàn)與外部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較 Comparison against past performance ? 與過(guò)去的表現(xiàn)比較 Comparison against peer (petitor) labs與同行（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者比較） Identification of unsatisfactory performers識(shí)別出不滿意的操作者 46 Excellence on a Global Scale Types of PT 能力驗(yàn)證類型 Specific analyte/matrix bination特定被分析物 /基體結(jié)合 ? Mercury in fish（ 魚(yú)中的汞） ? Benzene in air（ 空氣中的苯） Field of analysis（ 場(chǎng)地分析） ? Metals by ICP（ ICP測(cè)金屬） ? Pesticides by GC/MS（ GC/MS測(cè)殺蟲(chóng)劑） 47 Excellence on a Global Scale Samples樣品 Subsampled from bulk supply ? 從批中抽取樣本 Discrete sample split and distributed ? 謹(jǐn)慎分割樣品并分發(fā) 48 Excellence on a Global Scale Interlaboratory Comparisons 實(shí)驗(yàn)室間比對(duì) Collaborative studies ? 協(xié)同研究 Certification studies ? 認(rèn)證研究 Roundrobin studies ? 循環(huán)研究 49 Excellence on a Global Scale Selection of PT programs PT方案的選擇 Availability of relevant programs ? 是否有相關(guān)方案 Organization of relevant programs ? 相關(guān)方案的組織 Any program is usually better than nothing ? 只有要方案，總比沒(méi)有好 50 Excellence on a Global Scale Assessment of PT Programs PT方案的評(píng)價(jià) Before mitting longterm consider ? 在實(shí)施前應(yīng)考慮 ? Statistics used to interpret data 解釋結(jié)果的統(tǒng)計(jì)技術(shù) ? How “true” value is determined真值如何確定 Theoretical理論值 Referee lab參考實(shí)驗(yàn)室 Consensus公議值 51 Excellence on a Global Scale Scoring of Participants 參加者的評(píng)價(jià) Z – score（ Z值） ? Deviation from “true” value divided by sigma 測(cè)得值與真值之差除以 σ ? Sigma may be an accepted deviation or statistically determined in each round σ可能是可接受的偏差或每輪測(cè)試的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果 52 Excellence on a Global Scale Scoring Z值 Generally a Zscore （ Z值） ? 2 is considered satisfactory（ 滿意） ? 2, 3 is considered questionable（ 可疑） ? 3 is considered unsatisfactory（ 離群） ? scores must be within 2 –sigma Z值必須在 2 σ之間 53 Excellence on a Global Scale Laboratory Interpretation 實(shí)驗(yàn)室的解釋 View results in context（ 從整體上看結(jié)果） ? Do they agree with inhouse QC data 是否與室內(nèi)質(zhì)量控制數(shù)據(jù)一致 ? Trend analysis (consider how sigma is determined) 趨勢(shì)分析（考慮 σ是如何確定的） ? Performance of other participants 其它參加者的表現(xiàn) 54 Excellence on a Global Scale Laboratory Interpretation 實(shí)驗(yàn)室的解釋 Compare methodology and recalculate if possible ? 比較方法，如果可能重新計(jì)算 Compare uncertainty against inhouse estimates ? 將不確定度與室內(nèi)評(píng)估比較 55 Excellence on a Global Scale Corrective Actions 糾正措施 Determine when to take action ? 確定何時(shí)采取措施 ? After 1 unsatisfactory score? 一個(gè)不滿意結(jié)果 ? After many (3) in one round? 一輪中多個(gè)（如三個(gè)）不滿意結(jié)果 ? After 2 consecutive unsatisfactory scores? 連續(xù)二個(gè)不滿意結(jié)果 56 Excellence on a Global Scale Corrective Actions 糾正措施 Always investigate總要調(diào)查 Include包括 ? QC data質(zhì)量控制數(shù)據(jù) ? Calculations, dilutions, transcriptions 計(jì)算、稀釋，抄寫(xiě) ? Training status of analyst分析人員培訓(xùn)狀況 ? Performance records of equipment 設(shè)備運(yùn)行記錄 ? Records of calibrants, reagents etc. 校準(zhǔn)品、試劑的記錄等 57 Excellence on a Global Scale Corrective Actions 糾正措施 Formulate action公布措施 Execute action實(shí)施措施 Check if action was successful ? 檢查措施是否有效 58 Excellence on a Global Scale General Considerations 幾點(diǎn)考慮 More emphasis is being placed on PT programs by assessors, regulators and clients ? 評(píng)審員、管理部門(mén)和客戶更多強(qiáng)調(diào) PT Use all the information available ? 利用所有可得到的信息 Handle PT’s like routine samples (as much as possible) ? 象常規(guī)樣品一樣處理 PT樣品（盡可能） 59 Excellence on a Global Scale Third Party Assessment 第三方評(píng)審 Accreditation Bodies認(rèn)可機(jī)構(gòu) ? Assess