【正文】 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力是更重要的研究。我們的工作是關(guān)于中國(guó)的首次研究。? 實(shí)際有效匯率 Cost,特別是在服務(wù)業(yè)部門(mén)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力問(wèn)題成為研究的焦點(diǎn)。以上這些問(wèn)題解決的關(guān)鍵是提高我國(guó)各個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)和企業(yè)的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。任 雖然在過(guò)去的 20年里 ,中國(guó)的出口一直高速增長(zhǎng) ,但目前中國(guó)的企業(yè)和產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)在世界市場(chǎng)上所面對(duì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)是嚴(yán)峻的 ,未來(lái)一段時(shí)間內(nèi) ,這種嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì)將繼續(xù)存在。導(dǎo)言? 與此同時(shí)， 1982年美國(guó)商務(wù)部建立起 “競(jìng)爭(zhēng)評(píng)估項(xiàng)目 ”（ CAP），分析和評(píng)估行業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。而 IMF的方法則有比較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)，值得研究。 勞動(dòng)的全部補(bǔ)償，即包括稅前工資，用于社會(huì)福利目標(biāo)的基金，對(duì)養(yǎng)老基金的貢獻(xiàn)，醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)及其他與就業(yè)有關(guān)的費(fèi)用。)的表達(dá)形式 : 是國(guó)家ｊ在市場(chǎng)ｋ中的市場(chǎng)份額 通過(guò)系統(tǒng)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)（ PPPs）估算方法來(lái)估計(jì)不同貨幣價(jià)值代表的真實(shí)數(shù)量的差異，以在更一致的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行國(guó)際間成本和生產(chǎn)率方面的比較。德國(guó)的 Conrad長(zhǎng)期研究德國(guó)和美國(guó)之間的產(chǎn)業(yè)部門(mén)生產(chǎn)率和國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的比較問(wèn)題。and已有的研究對(duì)美國(guó) ,英國(guó) ,日本,韓國(guó)等國(guó)家的企業(yè)效率進(jìn)行了國(guó)際比較，是在企業(yè)層次研究國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的代表作。因此對(duì)各國(guó)實(shí)際 GDP水平的評(píng)估與比較已成為近四十年來(lái)國(guó)際組織機(jī)構(gòu)和各國(guó)政府關(guān)注的重要問(wèn)題，也是國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)界的前沿課題，吸引了許多出類(lèi)拔萃的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家進(jìn)行潛心研究。因此，通常把對(duì)美元的現(xiàn)行匯率作為各種經(jīng)濟(jì)變量換算的尺度，對(duì)應(yīng)的換算方法被稱(chēng)為 “匯率法 ”。在 1950年代，由當(dāng)時(shí)的國(guó)際組織 “ 歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織 ” （現(xiàn)在的 “經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織 ”，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) OECD）支持的兩個(gè)研究 :吉爾伯特和克拉維斯(Gilbert和 Kravis,該項(xiàng)目至今已進(jìn)行了六個(gè)階段的比較 ,1982)。Ark,1988）展開(kāi)了生產(chǎn)法 (或稱(chēng)部門(mén)法 )的系統(tǒng)研究 ,第三步 ,分支水平的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)可按照同樣方法加總為制造業(yè)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)。下面我們用一張表將這些結(jié)果比較地排列出其中某些結(jié)果相差幾近十倍。%世界銀行 2,513? ? 購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)研究? 自 1991年開(kāi)始，我在美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)系 ,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室繼續(xù)改進(jìn)上述對(duì)中國(guó)與美國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值比較。Ruoen后在經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織的支持下，對(duì)這一研究成果再次修改完善，于 1997年再次發(fā)表（ RenA, 中國(guó)數(shù)量權(quán)數(shù) 美國(guó)數(shù)量權(quán)數(shù) 幾何平均 1986離差指數(shù) ? 匯率 :? 1986中國(guó)的產(chǎn)出和生產(chǎn)率利用 Fisher指數(shù)與美國(guó)相比較。英國(guó) (日元 /(英鎊 /中國(guó) ? 德國(guó) ? _________________________________________________________購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)研究? Since 1995， two series of GDP are issued in World Bank World Development Indicators database： GDP based on exchange rate and GDP based on PPP . In 2023 World Development Indicators database， China is seventh largest economy converted by exchange rate while China is second largest economy converted by PPP.購(gòu)買(mǎi)力平價(jià)研究? Table 1: GDP of Top 8 Countries in 2023 in billion dollar? GDP(based on PPP) thebenchmarkeconometrics? ProductivityindualityforsimultaneousfunctionalinbeeapproachhomogeneousderivedandandobjectiveCDCESSolowmethodologydualHotellingpresentation1974bydualfunctionstheflexiblecorrespondcanthreestageEconomicinissuesonewayindexthereapproach.? Diewertnumbersforutilitybasedoninputseproject? Jensonbilateralparisonsinputs.whichcanpricesinservicesofparitiesprojecton? Theratelevelinmanyfollows:? Jenson, Gollop and Fraumeni, (1987), Productivity and . Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ? 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Theeconomygivenofrateidentityless addedasectorandatindustryindustryonandindustryTFPlaborongrowthwhat AnalyzepolicyoninTFP? Since 2023, we have been working in the ICAP project on international parisons of productivity among the Japan, US, Korea and China and other regions. KLEMSEUlinkingcountries.Denmark,ofbeenthewithinstitutionsacrossconstructedTechnologicalPriorityGeneralisstatestheemploymentaisthedatabaseseconomicundertakeinternational? ThebeenrecentlyandrapidlygrowthMeasuring Capital,andframeworkacrossoverstudymethodstwotheareaoftradingtraded,andpowerpurchasingofNishimizuwithas(K),theKLEMStransloginshowedtwoapproach.doto? Econometricandsquaresestimatedtwotranslogtechnology.generatedthepriceEconomicdualityLawrenceofmodelingtheoryfunctionfunction,characterizingonthethefunctions.econometricinmodelsEconomicandandthe? Keyiss GDP in . Dollars Based on Purchasing Power Parity, The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, .? Ren, R. (1997), China39。 fourGDP (based on exchange rate)? 1 US 10871 1 US 10881? 2 China 6435 2 Japan 4326? 3 Japan 3582 3 Germany 2400? 4 India 3096 4 UK 1794? 5 Germany 2279