【正文】 ividual(個別的) realities. (物質(zhì)與意識共同構(gòu)成的客觀事實)Here， too， he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world(意識高于物質(zhì))　　Aristotle thought happiness was men‘s aim in life. But not happiness in the vulgar庸俗的 sense， but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason， goodness and contemplation.(善良和期待)　　一句話簡答題What should be man‘s aim in life？　　Aristotle‘s answer was： happiness.　　六、What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the lateron cultural development？　　(What positive influence did the Greek Culture exert運用 on the world civilization文化？)　　答：　　There has been an enduring excitement興奮 about classical經(jīng)典的 Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere別處。 The word “feudalism” was derived (來源) from the Latin “feudum”， a grant (許可的) of land.　　fiefs(次劃分)名詞解釋In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (獎賞) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.　　vassals (占有fiefs的人)名詞解釋　　In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (獎賞) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.　　code of chivalry (騎士制度)名詞解釋　　As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.　　dubbing (騎士頭銜加冕儀式)名詞解釋　　After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (選擇) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.　　1knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模擬戰(zhàn)場)　　1The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)　　1The Manor (領(lǐng)地所有制)名詞解釋　　The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (農(nóng)場主)?！　∪?、How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages？　　答：　　 feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (軍事力量)。(廣泛的，無處不在的)　　1St. Jerome， who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁語圣經(jīng))　　1Early Monasticism (早期修道院制)名詞解釋　　Between 300 and 500 .， many men withdrew from (放棄了) worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries (男) and convents (女) for monks and nuns. Some of the hermits (隱士) were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”， whose work is generally considered orthodox.(東正教)　　1Augustine —→ “Confession” (坦白) and “The City of God” (上帝之都)　　St. Benedict —→ founded Benedictine Rule about 529 . (專門給清修的人制定的法律)　　2The Inquisition (問訊廳) to stamp out socalled 　　2The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)　　2Crusades went on about 200 years.　　2There were altogether eight chief Crusades.　　2 (結(jié)束) By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.　　2Carolingian Renaissance名詞解釋　　Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne‘s name in Latin， Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有見解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.　　2Roger Bacon‘s work was the Opus maius.　　2National Epics(民族史詩運動)名詞解釋　　The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is， the languages of various national states (民族國家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the bination of a variety of national characteristics.　　2Chaucer (喬叟) 的詩歌特點： ① power of observation (觀察)　?、?piercing irony (敏銳的諷刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (溫暖的人性)　　與狄更斯相似Gothic名詞解釋① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.　　② It lasted from the mid12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas， into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.　?、?The Gothic was an outgrowth (豐富與發(fā)展) of the Romanesque.(羅馬式)　　3The Canterbury Tales：　?、?The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.　?、?Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(壓頭韻)　　③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.　　論述簡答　?、?After 395 (分裂時間)， the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West　?、?In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.　　④ The East Roman Empire collapsed (崩潰) when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453. (英法百年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束)　　第二章　　The Ionic style often shows a wealth of ornament. (裝飾性)　?、?The Corinthian style　　is known for its ornamental luxury. (奢侈)　　1The famous temples： The Acrpolis at Athens and the Parthenon.　　The burning of Corinth in 146 . Marked Roman conquest of Greece.　　2The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (窗體頂端窗體底端羅馬征服希臘的標志)　　2From 146 .， Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.　　Greek that of the eastern half.　　2Both Latin and Greek belong to IndoEuropean language.　　2The Roman writer Horace said “captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”。　　※ “The greatest historian that ever lived.” (有史以來最偉大的歷史學家) —→ Thucy