【正文】 nce that decision and thus lacks relevance. 6. Basic accounting elements 基本會計要素(1) Asset 資產(chǎn)An asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise. (2) Liability 負(fù)債A liability is a present obligation arising from past transactions or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise. A present obligation is a duty mitted by the enterprise under current circumstances. Obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present obligations and shall not be recognized as liabilities. (3) owners’ equity 所有者權(quán)益Owners’ equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities. Owners’ equity of a pany is also known as shareholders’ equity. (4) Revenue 收入Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners. (5) Expense 費用Expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners’ equity, other than those relating to appropriations of profits to owners. (6) Profit 利潤Profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. Profit includes the net amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current period, etc. 7. Five measurement attributes 會計計量屬性(1) Historical cost 歷史成本Assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. Liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets received in exchange for the present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business. (2) Current replacement cost 現(xiàn)時重置成本Assets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. Liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently required to settle the obligation. (3) Net realizable value 可實現(xiàn)凈值A(chǔ)ssets are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of pletion, the estimated selling costs and related tax payments. (4) Present value 現(xiàn)值A(chǔ)ssets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash inflows that the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal. Liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected settlement period. (5) Fair value 公允價值A(chǔ)ssets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction. 8. Financial statements 財務(wù)報表(1) Balance sheet 資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表A balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financial position of an enterprise at a specific date. (2) Ine statement 損益表An ine statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting period. (3) Statement of cash flows 現(xiàn)金流量表A cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflects the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period. (4) Statement of changes in owners’equity 所有者權(quán)益變動表A statement of changes in owners’ equity reports the changes in owners’ equity for a specific period of time.(5) Notes to financial statements 財務(wù)報表附注Notes to the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc. 9. Accounting entry 會計分錄Debit: CashCredit: Common Stock10. Basic accounting equation 基本會計等式Assets = Liabilities + owners’ equity11. List of present and potential users of financial information 財務(wù)信息的使用者investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, and governmental agencies. 四、審計英語講解 Auditing1. Assurance engagements and external audit◇Materiality, true and fair presentation, reasonable assuranceMateriality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission or misstatement. An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning the audit and