unit-1---20xx-1stu(完整版)
【正文】 nd management services, films and entertainment products, franchising and licensing agreements, and tourism are all services, which are routinely traded on the international market. ? invisibles = intangible products, immaterial goods, intangible or invisible goods. 無形商品 ? Franchising 特許經營 (特許代理 ): Franchise chain。 Franchise store, Franchisor, Franchisee ? Licensing 許可證貿易 : Licensee 被授權人 。 Licensor 授權人 Example of Franchising Company KFC Distributor Grant Authorization to sell or distribute products in a certain area financial assistance + operation/management consultation A certain percentage of profits/revenue as rewards Example of Licensing Licensor MNCs Licensee Grant the right to use trademarks, patents, design As a way to enter into foreign markets without investing large amount of resources A certain percentage of profits/revenue as royalties Exports and Imports of Services ? As the mature Western economies move into the socalled “postIndustrial” era, consumption of services has steadily risen in recent decades. ? This growth in domestic consumption and the conitant development of parative advantages in service production have led to an explosive growth in service trade. ? While the former allows services to be exported as production costs decline through economies of scale(規(guī)模經濟 ), the latter makes possible international technology transfers (國際技術轉讓 )through licensing and franchise agreements. Key Concepts ~ ?economy of scale? 規(guī)模經濟 ? The decrease in unit cost as a result of increasing production so that fixed costs may be spread out over a greater number of units produced. Foreign Direct Investment ? Foreign investment means ownership of assets abroad and can take the form of either direct or portfolio investment. Direct investment occurs when acquisition of equity interest 獲得 (收購 )股權利益 in a foreign pany is made. ? In contrast, portfolio or indirect investment, are chiefly motivated by short to mediumterm profits. They may include equity investments (股權投資 ) that do not involve an active role in management or bonds (債券 ) and other debt instruments (債務工具 ) issued by foreign panies and governments. ? Direct investment 直接投資 ? Portfolio investment 間接投資 , 證券投資
黨政相關相關推薦
鄂ICP備17016276號-1