【正文】 單持有人並不會因為持有提單，而自動要承擔(dān)原運送契約的義務(wù)，例如支付運費。載貨證券兼有證明海上貨物運送契約及貨物已由運送人收受或裝船，以及運送人保證據(jù)以交付貨物之效力。對託運人而言，載貨證券係運送人按載貨證券所載內(nèi)容收到貨物之初步證據(jù)(prima facie evidence)，即運送人收受之貨物，事實上若與載貨證券記載不符時，可提出反證推翻。參、載貨證券之種類一、依貨物是否已裝船分（一） 裝船載貨證券(Shipped B/L, on Board B/L)指貨物在裝船後簽發(fā)之載貨證券。依據(jù)此種載貨證券，只有指定之收貨人才能提貨。 （二） 不清潔載貨證券(Unclean B/L。此種以認(rèn)賠書交換清潔載貨證券,已為海上運送業(yè)者採行之慣例,尤以國際貿(mào)易之興起而日益增多。（３） 惟就運送人與託運人間為避免爭議，託運人以認(rèn)賠書「換取」清潔提單，雙方互為讓步，應(yīng)屬「和解契約」之性質(zhì)?！构瘦d貨證券記載之貨物名稱、件數(shù)或重量，或其包裝之種類、個數(shù)及標(biāo)誌，推定為運送契約之內(nèi)容?！苟?、要式性 海商法第五十四條第一項規(guī)定「載貨證券應(yīng)記載法定之事項，並由運送人或船長簽名」,故為要式證券。七、 填發(fā)之年月日。五、物權(quán)性 載貨證券為受領(lǐng)、處分貨物之證券。故託運人不得主張「持有」載貨證券之物權(quán)效力。依航業(yè)法第二十四條規(guī)定「船舶運送業(yè)因託運人之請求簽發(fā)裝船載貨證券，應(yīng)於貨物裝船後為之，不得於載貨證券上虛列裝船日期。德國商法亦採此主義。及依海商法第六十條第一項準(zhǔn)用民法第六百二十七條規(guī)定:「提單填發(fā)後,運送人與提單持有人間,關(guān)於運送事項,『依其提單之記載』」，故載貨證券填發(fā)後,運送人與證券持有人間,關(guān)於運送事項,發(fā)給人依其證券之記載,應(yīng)負(fù)絕對之效力。（四）載貨證券上記載免除或減輕運送人應(yīng)履行之過失責(zé)任及法定責(zé)任,其記載不生效力：依海商法第六十一條規(guī)定「以件貨運送為目的之運送契約或載貨證券記載條款、條件或約定,以減輕或免除運送人或船舶所有人,對於因過失或本法運送契約章所規(guī)定應(yīng)履行義務(wù)而不屨行,致有貨物毀損、滅失或遲到之責(zé)任者,其條款、條件、約定,不生效力」。 絕對說 認(rèn)為交付載貨證券即相當(dāng)於交付貨物,有同一之效力；與貨物之現(xiàn)實占有關(guān)係無關(guān)。（三）轉(zhuǎn)讓方法：海商法第六十條準(zhǔn)用民法第六二八條規(guī)定,得以背書之方法,背書於載貨證券上轉(zhuǎn)讓之。4. 載貨證券之持有人有二人以上,而運送人或船長尚未交付貨物者,其持有先受發(fā)送或交付之證券者,得先於他持有人行使其權(quán)利。其次，香港的法律規(guī)定比較詳細(xì)，且普通法法制重視判例，與日俱增的案例，更可使許多紛爭有較明確的答案。holder (持有人), in relation to a bill of lading, shall be construed in accordance with subsection (2)。s being identified in a document include references to his being identified by a description which allows for the identity of the person in question to be varied, in accordance with the terms of the document, after its issue。 and(b) identifies the person to whom delivery of the goods is to be made by the carrier in accordance with that contract.(4) References in this Ordinance to a ship39。 and(b) where the goods to which the order relates form a part only of the goods to which the contract of carriage relates, shall be confined to rights in respect of the goods to which the order relates.(4) Where, in the case of any document to which this Ordinance applies(a) a person with any interest or right in or in relation to goods to which the document relates sustains loss or damage in consequence of a breach of the contract of carriage。s delivery order relates form a part only of the goods to which the contract of carriage relates, the liabilities to which any person is subject by virtue of the operation of this section in relation to that order shall exclude liabilities in respect of any goods to which the order does not relate.(3) This section, so far as it imposes liabilities under any contract on any person, shall be without prejudice to the liabilities under the contract of any person as an original party to the contract.Section 6 Representations in bills of lading A bill of lading which(a) represents goods to have been shipped on board a vessel or to have been received for shipment on board a vessel。 . 173 of 2000)(a) the issue of a document to which this Ordinance applies。s having been an original party to the contract of carriage。 and(b) by the carrier to a person identified in the document that he will deliver the goods to which the document relates to that person.Section 4 Rights under shipping documents (1) Subject to this section, a person who(a) bees the lawful holder of a bill of lading。s identifying a person shall be construed accordingly.(4) Without prejudice to sections 4(2) and 6, nothing in this Ordinance shall preclude its operation in relation to a case where the goods to which a document relates(a) cease to exist after the issue of the document。telemunications system (電訊系統(tǒng)) means a system for the conveyance, through the agency of electric, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrochemical or electromechanical energy, of (Amended 36 of 2000 s. 28)(a) speech, music and other sounds。因此，臺灣的相關(guān)法律規(guī)定應(yīng)以較詳細(xì)的方式立法，盡量包括各種已知的情況，使各種紛爭均能有明確的法律依據(jù)。（二）不在貨物目的港交付時：請求交付貨物,不在貨物目的港時,運送人或船長非接受載貨證券之全數(shù),不得為貨物之交付（第五十八條第一項後段）。（票據(jù)法第十四條參照）。故縱運送人或船長喪失對貨物之占有，交付載貨證券於有受領(lǐng)權(quán)利之人時, 與貨物之交付仍有同一之效力。載貨證券之物權(quán)效力在理論上，有以下三說:相對說 又可分為嚴(yán)正相對說及單純相對說二種：（１） 嚴(yán)正相對說：認(rèn)為依民法占有之原則,運送人為直接占有,載貨證券持有人乃屬間接占有,載貨證券僅表彰抽象之間接占有權(quán)利,故運送物所有權(quán)之移轉(zhuǎn),除交付載貨證券外,仍須符合民法第七六一條第三項「讓與動產(chǎn)物權(quán)，如其動產(chǎn)由第三人占有時，讓與人得以對於第三人之返還請求權(quán)，讓與於受讓人，以代交付。故海商法第六十條規(guī)定,應(yīng)係採文義證據(jù)主義?？v使運送人能提出反證,證明貨物之?dāng)?shù)量、情狀或主要標(biāo)誌,於貨物裝載時，與載貨證券所載不符,仍不能對抗載貨證券之善意持有人，又稱為文義責(zé)任制。不足以適應(yīng)貨櫃運送及多式聯(lián)運之國際貿(mào)易發(fā)展。載貨證券為要因證券，因此，運送人自得以原因關(guān)係對抗託運人，唯對善意之載貨證券持有人，在件貨運送契約，海商法第六十條準(zhǔn)用民法第六二七條規(guī)定，載貨證券發(fā)給人,運送人與證券持有人間,關(guān)於運送事項,依其載貨證券之記載；在傭船契約,依海商法第六十條第二項規(guī)定「以船舶之全部或一部供運送為目的之運送契約另行簽發(fā)載貨證券者，運送人與託運人以外載貨證券持有人間之關(guān)係，依載貨證券之記載。唯其非設(shè)權(quán)證券,故載貨證券之權(quán)利與其原因行為有關(guān)聯(lián),必有運送契約之存在,方才作成載貨證券以表彰權(quán)利。三、流通性 海商法準(zhǔn)用民法第六二八條規(guī)定，記名之載貨證券,除有禁止轉(zhuǎn)讓之記載外,得以背書為轉(zhuǎn)讓；無記名之載貨證券,因交付而轉(zhuǎn)讓。海商法第五十四條第一項規(guī)定：載貨證券應(yīng)記載事項如次:「一、 船舶名稱。惟須注意者，「推定」一詞大陸法制與臺灣法制之意義不同，應(yīng)予注意。對載貨證券，因運送人仍須就其文義負(fù)責(zé),故不得以認(rèn)賠書對抗託運人以外持有載貨證券之受貨人或其他善意第三人；運送人於因簽發(fā)清潔載貨證券而實際上對持有載貨證券之受貨人或其他善意第三人負(fù)賠償責(zé)任時,運送人僅得依認(rèn)賠書向託運人求償。我