tracingthecigarette’spathfromsexytodeadly翻譯(完整版)
【正文】 cancer in their nonsmoking and smoking patients at Barnes Hospital in St. Louis. They concluded that “cigarette smoking, over a long period, is at least one important factor in the striking increase in bronchogenic cancer.” Predictably, the tobacco panies — and their expert surrogates — derided these and other studies as mere statistical arguments or anecdotes rather than definitions of causality. Dr. Brandt, who has exhaustively bed through the tobacco panies’ internal memorandums and research documents, amply demonstrates that Big Tobacco understood many of the health risks of their products long before the 1964 surgeon general’s report. He also describes the concerted disinformation campaigns these panies waged for more than half a century — simultaneously obfuscating scientific evidence and spreading the belief that since everyone knew cigarettes were dangerous at some level, smoking was essentially an issue of personal choice and responsibility rather than a corporate one. In the 1980s, scientists established the revolutionary concept that nicotine is extremely addictive. The tobacco panies publicly rejected such claims, even as they took advantage of cigarettes’ addictive potential by routinely spiking them with extra nicotine to make it harder to quit smoking. And their marketing memorandums document advertising campaigns aimed at youngsters to hook whole new generations of smokers. In 2004, Dr. Brandt was recruited by the Department of Justice to serve as its star expert witness in the federal racketeering case agains
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