【正文】 re welldeveloped manufacturing industry strategy, and bee quickly manufacturing the business. It pletely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the largescale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole pletely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution. The management information system is towards the selfadoption and Selflearning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases。這個(gè)時(shí)期，計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)始用于會(huì)計(jì)工作。第二階段是數(shù)據(jù)更新系統(tǒng)，其典型代表是美國(guó)航空公司于20世紀(jì)50年代建成的SABRE預(yù)約訂票系統(tǒng)。為了保證生產(chǎn)以及其他環(huán)節(jié)的順利進(jìn)行，必須要有一個(gè)以計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的生產(chǎn)狀態(tài)報(bào)告系統(tǒng)。它一般包括一些模型用以產(chǎn)生決策信息，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)全面的管理功能。l 信息是決策的依據(jù)，MIS隨時(shí)為經(jīng)理提供信息服務(wù)。(AM)一種有遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)的企業(yè)管理模式，其特點(diǎn)是職工素質(zhì)高，組織機(jī)構(gòu)精簡(jiǎn)、多功能小組效率高、信息存放靈活、響應(yīng)客戶要求迅速。實(shí)際上，再現(xiàn)階段用了信息系統(tǒng)后中層管理不僅沒(méi)有減少，反而稍有增加。它完全根據(jù)用戶需求來(lái)組織設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)，可以通過(guò)信息流調(diào)動(dòng)不同地域的企業(yè)為同一個(gè)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行大協(xié)作，通過(guò)對(duì)機(jī)器的重新編程和對(duì)資源、人員的重新組織，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)新的制造系統(tǒng)，使得生產(chǎn)成本與批量幾乎無(wú)關(guān)。Managers: who require more uptodata information to make effective decisionCustomers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value。了解MIS對(duì)企業(yè)的影響，有利于我們?cè)陂_(kāi)發(fā)和研究工作中，使企業(yè)的組織機(jī)構(gòu)、管理體制和管理方法更好的與MIS的發(fā)展相適應(yīng)，建立更有效的MIS。隨著通訊、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和文檔傳輸系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，企業(yè)職員可以在遠(yuǎn)地或家中上班。這表現(xiàn)在管理中運(yùn)用預(yù)測(cè)和各種數(shù)學(xué)模型來(lái)定量分析企業(yè)中的問(wèn)題。不僅大中型企業(yè)普遍建立了自己的MIS,一些小型企業(yè)也不例外，普遍建立了公用數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如電子郵件、電子數(shù)據(jù)交換等，尤其是近年來(lái)INTERNET的飛速發(fā)展，INTRANET技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，為企業(yè)MIS提供了良好的支持環(huán)境。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和人們對(duì)系統(tǒng)的需求進(jìn)一步提高，人們更加強(qiáng)調(diào)管理信息系統(tǒng)能否支持企業(yè)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的決策這一功能，更側(cè)重于企業(yè)外部信息的收集、綜合數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、模型庫(kù)、方法庫(kù)、和其它人工智能工具能否直接面向決策者，這是決策支持系統(tǒng)(DDS)的任務(wù)。數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)一般不能提供決策信息。因而它也是管理信息系統(tǒng)的低級(jí)階段。1985年，管理信息系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)始人，名尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)的管理學(xué)教授Gordon ，即“管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)利用計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件資源以及數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的人機(jī)系統(tǒng)。1．管理信息系統(tǒng)概述20世紀(jì)，隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展，眾多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家紛紛提出了新的管理理論。 Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to prehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS. The Source Of Article： Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系統(tǒng)管理信息系統(tǒng)就是我們常說(shuō)的MIS(Management Information System), 在強(qiáng)調(diào)管理，強(qiáng)調(diào)信息的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)中它變得越來(lái)越重要、越來(lái)越普及。數(shù)據(jù)處理一詞已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。它設(shè)有1008個(gè)訂票點(diǎn)，可以存取600000個(gè)旅客記錄和27000個(gè)飛行段記錄。因此同年IBM建立了先進(jìn)管理系統(tǒng)AAS,它能進(jìn)行450個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)的操作。管理信息系統(tǒng)起初應(yīng)用于最基礎(chǔ)的工作，如打印報(bào)表、計(jì)算工資、人事管等，進(jìn)而發(fā)展到企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)管理、庫(kù)存管理等單項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)管理，這屬于電子數(shù)據(jù)處理(EDP,Electroni9c Data Processing) 系統(tǒng)。l 經(jīng)理通過(guò)MIS使其經(jīng)營(yíng)計(jì)劃和具體的業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)聯(lián)系在一起。管理信息系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展對(duì)企業(yè)和企業(yè)管理的變革產(chǎn)生了和正在產(chǎn)生著深遠(yuǎn)的影響。這是因?yàn)?，雖然中下層管理人員從繁瑣的事務(wù)性工作中解脫出來(lái)，但需要他們用更多的精力去分析研究工作，進(jìn)一步提高管理決策水平。敏捷制造企業(yè)與用戶建立一個(gè)完全嶄新的戰(zhàn)略依存關(guān)系，將會(huì)引起產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的又一次革命。 they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their petitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data.Hierarchical Model The first database management systems used a hierarchical modelthat isthey arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are monly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this onetomany relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational Model A major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table as its data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an Englishlike description that specifies the operation and the described record or bination of recor