【正文】 re welldeveloped manufacturing industry strategy, and bee quickly manufacturing the business. It pletely on the basis of the user requirement organization design together with manufacture, may carry on the largescale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reorganization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole pletely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution. The management information system is towards the selfadoption and Selflearning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases。這個時期，計算機開始用于會計工作。第二階段是數據更新系統，其典型代表是美國航空公司于20世紀50年代建成的SABRE預約訂票系統。為了保證生產以及其他環(huán)節(jié)的順利進行，必須要有一個以計算機為基礎的生產狀態(tài)報告系統。它一般包括一些模型用以產生決策信息，但不強調全面的管理功能。l 信息是決策的依據，MIS隨時為經理提供信息服務。(AM)一種有遠見的企業(yè)管理模式，其特點是職工素質高，組織機構精簡、多功能小組效率高、信息存放靈活、響應客戶要求迅速。實際上，再現階段用了信息系統后中層管理不僅沒有減少，反而稍有增加。它完全根據用戶需求來組織設計與生產，可以通過信息流調動不同地域的企業(yè)為同一個產品進行大協作，通過對機器的重新編程和對資源、人員的重新組織，構成了一個新的制造系統，使得生產成本與批量幾乎無關。Managers: who require more uptodata information to make effective decisionCustomers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts.Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages.Organizations : that discover information has a strategic value。了解MIS對企業(yè)的影響，有利于我們在開發(fā)和研究工作中，使企業(yè)的組織機構、管理體制和管理方法更好的與MIS的發(fā)展相適應，建立更有效的MIS。隨著通訊、網絡和文檔傳輸系統的發(fā)展，企業(yè)職員可以在遠地或家中上班。這表現在管理中運用預測和各種數學模型來定量分析企業(yè)中的問題。不僅大中型企業(yè)普遍建立了自己的MIS,一些小型企業(yè)也不例外，普遍建立了公用數據網絡，如電子郵件、電子數據交換等，尤其是近年來INTERNET的飛速發(fā)展，INTRANET技術的應用，為企業(yè)MIS提供了良好的支持環(huán)境。隨著計算機技術的進步和人們對系統的需求進一步提高，人們更加強調管理信息系統能否支持企業(yè)高層領導的決策這一功能，更側重于企業(yè)外部信息的收集、綜合數據庫、模型庫、方法庫、和其它人工智能工具能否直接面向決策者，這是決策支持系統(DDS)的任務。數據處理系統一般不能提供決策信息。因而它也是管理信息系統的低級階段。1985年，管理信息系統的創(chuàng)始人，名尼蘇達大學的管理學教授Gordon ，即“管理信息系統是一個利用計算機軟硬件資源以及數據庫的人機系統。1．管理信息系統概述20世紀，隨著全球經濟的蓬勃發(fā)展，眾多經濟學家紛紛提出了新的管理理論。 Yet also someone says, and what it is too many is dependent on the defeat that MIS be able to cause on the administration. It is adaptable each other to prehend the effect to the business of MIS, and is favor of us to be living in development and the research work, and causes the business organization and administer the better development against MIS of system and administration means , and establish more valid MIS. The Source Of Article： Russ Basiura, Mike Batongbacal管理信息系統管理信息系統就是我們常說的MIS(Management Information System), 在強調管理，強調信息的現代社會中它變得越來越重要、越來越普及。數據處理一詞已經出現。它設有1008個訂票點，可以存取600000個旅客記錄和27000個飛行段記錄。因此同年IBM建立了先進管理系統AAS,它能進行450個業(yè)務的操作。管理信息系統起初應用于最基礎的工作，如打印報表、計算工資、人事管等，進而發(fā)展到企業(yè)財務管理、庫存管理等單項業(yè)務管理，這屬于電子數據處理(EDP,Electroni9c Data Processing) 系統。l 經理通過MIS使其經營計劃和具體的業(yè)務活動聯系在一起。管理信息系統的發(fā)展對企業(yè)和企業(yè)管理的變革產生了和正在產生著深遠的影響。這是因為，雖然中下層管理人員從繁瑣的事務性工作中解脫出來，但需要他們用更多的精力去分析研究工作，進一步提高管理決策水平。敏捷制造企業(yè)與用戶建立一個完全嶄新的戰(zhàn)略依存關系，將會引起產業(yè)結構的又一次革命。 they utilize their database systems to gain an edge over their petitors.The Database ModelA data model describes a way to structure and manipulate the data in a database. The structural part of the model specifies how data should be represented(such as tree, tables, and so on ).The manipulative part of the model specifies the operation with which to add, delete, display, maintain, print, search, select, sort and update the data.Hierarchical Model The first database management systems used a hierarchical modelthat isthey arranged records into a tree structure. Some records are root records and all others have unique parent records. The structure of the tree is designed to reflect the order in which the data will be used that is ,the record at the root of a tree will be accessed first, then records one level below the root ,and so on.The hierarchical model was developed because hierarchical relationships are monly found in business applications. As you have known, an organization char often describes a hierarchical relationship: top management is at the highest level, middle management at lower levels, and operational employees at the lowest levels. Note that within a strict hierarchy, each level of management may have many employees or levels of employees beneath it, but each employee has only one manager. Hierarchical data are characterized by this onetomany relationship among data.In the hierarchical approach, each relationship must be explicitly defined when the database is created. Each record in a hierarchical database can contain only one key field and only one relationship is allowed between any two fields. This can create a problem because data do not always conform to such a strict hierarchy.Relational Model A major breakthrough in database research occurred in 1970 when E. F. Codd proposed a fundamentally different approach to database management called relational model ,which uses a table as its data structure.The relational database is the most widely used database structure. Data is organized into related tables. Each table is made up of rows called and columns called fields. Each record contains fields of data about some specific item. For example, in a table containing information on employees, a record would contain fields of data such as a person’s last name ,first name ,and street address.Structured query language(SQL)is a query language for manipulating data in a relational database .It is nonprocedural or declarative, in which the user need only specify an Englishlike description that specifies the operation and the described record or bination of recor