【正文】
擴(kuò)充基金所能運(yùn)用的資金總額。理事會(huì)通常每年開一次年會(huì),一般同世界銀行理事會(huì)年會(huì)聯(lián)合舉行。 在執(zhí)行董事會(huì)與理事會(huì)之間還有兩個(gè)機(jī)構(gòu),:一是國(guó)際貨幣基金組織理事會(huì)關(guān)于國(guó)際貨幣制度的臨時(shí)委員會(huì),簡(jiǎn)稱“臨時(shí)委員會(huì)”(interim mittee);二是世界銀行和國(guó)際貨幣基金組織理事會(huì)關(guān)于實(shí)際資源向發(fā)展中國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)移的聯(lián)合部長(zhǎng)級(jí)委員會(huì),簡(jiǎn)稱“發(fā)展委員”(development mittee)。 [編輯]國(guó)際貨幣基金組織的資金來源[2] IMF的資金主要來源于成員國(guó)繳納的份額、借款、捐款、出售黃金所得的信托基金以及有關(guān)項(xiàng)目的經(jīng)營(yíng)收入。IMF的一切活動(dòng)都與成員國(guó)交納的份額相聯(lián)系,重大問題要有80%以上的票數(shù)通過,甚至要求85%以上的票數(shù)。此外,IMF還與成員國(guó)簽訂雙邊借款協(xié)議,以擴(kuò)大資金來源。 根據(jù)基金組織協(xié)定第四條第三款,匯率監(jiān)督有三個(gè)主要的指導(dǎo)原則: (1)成員國(guó)應(yīng)避免為了調(diào)整本國(guó)的國(guó)際收支,或?yàn)榱巳〉脤?duì)其他成員國(guó)的不公平的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)而操縱匯率或國(guó)際貨幣體系; (2)成員國(guó)在必要時(shí)應(yīng)干預(yù)外匯市場(chǎng),以應(yīng)付混亂局面,尤其是本國(guó)貨幣匯率出現(xiàn)的破壞性的短期波動(dòng); (3)成員國(guó)在采取干預(yù)政策時(shí),應(yīng)考慮其他成員國(guó)的利益,包括其貨幣受到干預(yù)的國(guó)家的利益。這些貸款具有下列特點(diǎn):①貸款對(duì)象限為成員國(guó)政府,IMF只同成員國(guó)的財(cái)政部、中央銀行及類似的財(cái)政金融機(jī)構(gòu)往來;②貸款用途只限于解決短期性的國(guó)際收支不平衡,用于貿(mào)易和非貿(mào)易的經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目的支付;③貸款期限限于短期,屬短期貸款;④貸款額度是按各成員國(guó)的份額及規(guī)定的各類貸款的最高可貸比例,確定其最高貸款總額;⑤貸款方式是根據(jù)經(jīng)磋商同意的計(jì)劃,由借款成員國(guó)使用本國(guó)貨幣向基金組織購(gòu)買其他成員國(guó)的等值貨幣(或特別提款權(quán)),償還時(shí),用特別提款權(quán)或IMF指定的貨幣買回過去借用時(shí)使用的本國(guó)貨幣(一般稱為購(gòu)回)。前者占成員國(guó)份額的25%,成員國(guó)提取這部分貸款是無條件的,也不需支付利息,但須用外匯或特別提款權(quán)繳納的份額作保證;后者占成員國(guó)繳納份額的100%,共分四個(gè)檔次,每檔為份額的25%,成員國(guó)申請(qǐng)第一檔貸款比較容易獲得,一般只需制定出借款計(jì)劃便可得到批準(zhǔn),而二至四檔屬高檔信用貸款,貸款條件較嚴(yán)格,成員國(guó)要借取就必須提供全面、詳細(xì)的財(cái)政穩(wěn)定計(jì)劃,而且在使用時(shí)還必須接受IMF的監(jiān)督。1988年8月IMF再次通過了一個(gè)修改方案,將應(yīng)急機(jī)制結(jié)合進(jìn)原來的補(bǔ)償貸款,并把貸款名稱更改為補(bǔ)償與應(yīng)急貸款。是1974年6月至1976年5月期間,專門為解決因中東戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后石油漲價(jià)而引起的國(guó)際收支困難的資金需要而設(shè)立的一種臨時(shí)性貸款。1981年4月,該貸款全部承諾完畢。但I(xiàn)MF對(duì)借款國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)改革的計(jì)劃要求較高,對(duì)貸款效果的監(jiān)督也較嚴(yán)格。IMF在提供上述各項(xiàng)貸款時(shí),要收取手續(xù)費(fèi)或利息。這種經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整計(jì)劃一般都會(huì)包括以下幾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容:減少財(cái)政赤字,削減各種開支,實(shí)行緊縮的貨幣政策,增加出口或減少進(jìn)口及擴(kuò)大金融市場(chǎng)開放度等。此外,對(duì)依賴于大量進(jìn)口先進(jìn)技術(shù)和設(shè)備的成員國(guó)來講,進(jìn)口的減少會(huì)嚴(yán)重打擊其國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè)和整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,因此,通過減少進(jìn)口來達(dá)到貿(mào)易順差,其代價(jià)可能不菲。對(duì)于資金移動(dòng),基金則規(guī)定:各會(huì)員國(guó)不得以基金的資金,用于巨額或持續(xù)的資本流出的支付。1971年史密松寧協(xié)定成立后,此一現(xiàn)貨匯率的波動(dòng)幅度,%的范圍,而決定平價(jià)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也由黃金改為特別提款權(quán)。 Palestinian Authority – GDDS s Executive Board ended a period of extensive discussion and negotiation over a major package of reforms to enhance the institution39。n Parra LuzardoRodrigo Cabeza Morales26841 remaining 165 countriesrespectiverespective637067 [編輯]Assistance and reforms The primary mission of the IMF is to provide financial assistance to countries that experience serious financial and economic difficulties using funds deposited with the IMF from the institution39。s response to any crisis, and the fact that it tends to only respond to them or even create them[17] rather than prevent them, has led many economists to argue for reform. In 2006, an IMF reform agenda called the Medium Term Strategy was widely endorsed by the institution39。s Rodrigo de Rato, who retired on October 31, 2007.[20]The only other nominee was Josef Tosovsky, a late candidate proposed by Russia. StraussKahn said: I am determined to pursue without delay the reforms needed for the IMF to make financial stability serve the international munity, while fostering growth and employment.[21] DatesNameCountry May 6, 1946 – May 5, 1951Camille GuttBelgium August 3, 1951 – October 3, 1956Ivar RoothSweden November 21, 1956 – May 5, 1963Per JacobssonSweden September 1, 1963 – August 31, 1973PierrePaul SchweitzerFrance September 1, 1973 – June 16, 1978Johannes WitteveenNetherlands June 17, 1978 – January 15, 1987Jacques de Larosi232。s policies39。s decisionmaking process and steps to deepen the effectiveness of its core mandate, which is known as economic surveillance or helping member countries adopt macroeconomic policies that will sustain global growth and reduce poverty. On June 15, 2007, the Executive Board of the IMF adopted the 2007 Decision on Bilateral Surveillance, a landmark measure that replaced a 30yearold decision of the Fund39。 earliest data published by the World Bank is for 1970. Debt at end of dictatorship (or 1996, most recent date for World Bank data). [編輯]Criticism Two criticisms from economists have been that financial aid is always bound to socalled Conditionalities, including Structural Adjustment Programs. Conditionalities, which are the economic performance targets established as a precondition for IMF loans, it is claimed, retard social stability and hence inhibit the stated goals of the IMF, while Structural Adjustment Programs lead to an increase in poverty in recipient countries.[10] Typically the IMF and its supporters advocate a Keynesian approach. As such, adherents of supplyside economics generally find themselves in open disagreement with the IMF. The IMF frequently advocates currency devaluation, criticized by proponents of supplyside economics as inflationary. Secondly they link higher taxes under austerity programmes with economic contraction. Currency devaluation is remended by the IMF to the governments of poor nations with struggling economies. Supplyside economists claim these Keynesian IMF policies are destructive to economic prosperity. That said, the IMF sometimes advocates austerity programmes, increasing taxes even when the economy is weak, in order to generate government revenue and balance budget deficits, which is the opposite of Keynesian policy. These policies were criticised by Joseph E. Stiglitz, former chief economist and Senior Vice President at the World Bank, in his book Globalization and Its Discontents.[11] He argued that by converting to a more Monetarist approach, the fund no longer had a valid purpose, as it was designed to provide funds for countries to carry out Keynesian reflations, and that the IMF was not participating in a conspiracy, but it was reflecting the interests and ideology of the Western financial munity.[12] Complaints are also directed toward International Monetary Fund gold reserve being undervalued. At its inception in 1945, the IMF pegged gold at US$35 per Troy ounce of gold. In 1973 the Nixon administration lifted the fixed asset value of gold in favor of a world market price. Hence the fixed exchange rates of currencies tied to gold were switched to a floating rate, also based on market price and exchange. This largely came about because Petrodollars outside the United States were more than could be backed by the gold at Fort Knox under the fixed exchange rate system. The fixed rate system only served to limit the amount of assistance the organization could use to help debtridden countries. Current IMF rules prohibit members from linking their currencies to gold.[citati