【正文】 Profitmaximizing quantity Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Value of the Marginal Product of Labor and the Demand for Labor u The value of the marginal product (also known as marginal revenue product) is measured in dollars. u It diminishes as the number of workers rises because the market price of the good is constant. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)隨著工人數(shù)量增加而變得越來越平坦。 As more and more workers are hired, each additional worker contributes less to production than the prior one. 228。2022 SouthWestern Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. The Demand for Labor 勞動需求 Labor markets, like other markets in the economy, are governed by the forces of supply and demand. 與經(jīng)濟中的其它市場一樣，勞動市場也是由供求力量支配的。6 THE ECONOMICS OF LABOR MARKETS 勞動 市場經(jīng)濟學 The Economics of Labor Markets 勞動市場經(jīng)濟學 Chapter 18 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Figure 1 The Versatility of Supply and Demand Quantity of Apples 0 Price of Apples Demand Supply Demand Supply Quantity of Apple Pickers 0 Wage of Apple Pickers (a) The Market for Apples (b) The Market for Apple Pickers P Q L W Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 表 1. 競爭性企業(yè)如何決定雇傭工人的數(shù)量 勞動L產(chǎn)量Q勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量MPL勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量價值VMPL=PxMPL工資W邊際利潤0 01 100 100 $1,000 $500 $5002 180 80 $800 $500 $3003 240 60 $600 $500 $1004 280 40 $400 $500 $1005 300 20 $200 $500 $300D Pr o f i t V M P L W= MPL Q/ L= D DHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 The production function bees flatter as the number of workers rises. 228。 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量值 u 邊際產(chǎn)量值（也被稱為邊際收益產(chǎn)量）以美元計算。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 3. 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量值 0 摘蘋果 工人數(shù)量 邊際 產(chǎn)量值 邊際產(chǎn)量值 （勞動需求曲線） 市場 工資 利潤最大化產(chǎn)量 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Equilibrium in the Labor Market 勞動市場的均衡 u Labor supply and labor demand determine the equilibrium wage. 勞動供給和需求共同決定了均衡工資。 Figure 6 A Shift in Labor Demand Copyright169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Productivity and Wage Growth around the World C o u n t r yG r o w t h R a t e o f P r o d u c t i v i t yG r o w t h R a t e o f R e a l W a g e sS o u t h K o r e a 8 . 5 7 . 9H o n g K o n g 5 . 5 4 . 9S i n g a p o r e 5 . 3 5 . 0I n d o n e s i a 4 . 0 4 . 4J a p a n 3 . 6 2 . 0I n d i a 3 . 1 3 . 4U n i t e d K i n g d o m 2 . 4 2 . 4U n i t e d S t a t e s 1 . 7 0 . 5B r a z i l 0 . 4 2 . 4M e x i c o 0 . 2 3 . 0A r g e n t i n a 0 . 9 1 . 3I r a n 1 . 4 7 . 9Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. 其它生產(chǎn)要素 : 土地和資本 u 資本 是指生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的設(shè)備與建筑物的存量。 228。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Equilibrium in Markets for Land and Capital u Each factor’s rental price must equal the value of their marginal product. u They each earn the value of their marginal contribution to the production process. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Linkages Among the Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素之間的聯(lián)系 A change in the supply of one factor alters the earnings of all the factors. 任何一種生產(chǎn)要素的變化都會改變所有要素的收入。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 u 由于要素需求反映了那種因素的邊際產(chǎn)量值，在均衡時每種要素根據(jù)其對物品和勞務(wù)生產(chǎn)的邊際貢獻得到報酬。 2022 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary u Because factors of production are used together, the marginal product of any one factor depends on the quantities of all factors that are available. u As a result, a change in the supply of one factor alters the equilibrium e