【正文】 n.2. The name of any alkyl substituent that hangs off the parent hydrocarbon is cited before the name of the parent hydrocarbon, together with a number to designate the carbon to which the alkyl substituent is attached.3. If more than one substituent is attached to the parent hydrocarbon, the chain is numbered in the direction that will result in the lowest possible number in the name of the pound.4. When both directions lead to the same lowest number for one of the substituents, the direction is chosen that gives the lowest possible number to one of the remaining substituents.5. If the same substituent numbers are obtained in both directions, the first group cited receives the lower number.6. If a pound has two or more chains of the same length, the parent hydrocarbon is the chain with the greatest number of substituents.7. Name the substituent the attached substituent. Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes are alkanes with their carbon atoms arranged in a ring.The rules for naming cycloalkanes resemble the rules for naming acyclic alkanes:1. Determine the parent. 2. Number the substituent: If the ring has two different substituents, they are cited in alphabetical order and the number 1 position is given to the substituent cited first.3. The substituent given the number 1 position is the one that results in a second substituent getting as low a number as possible. Nomenclature of BicycloalkanesBicycloalkane: an alkane that contains two rings that share two carbons Bicyclo[]decane Bicyclo[]nonane Bicyclo[]heptaneparent is the alkane of the same number of carbons as are in the ringsnumber from a bridgehead, along longest bridge back to the bridgehead, then along the next longest bridge, etc.show the lengths of bridges in brackets, from longest to shortest ConformationsConformation: any threedimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule that results from rotation about a single bondNewman projection: a way to view a molecule by looking along a carboncarbon single bondStaggered conformation: a conformation about a carboncarbon single bond in which the atoms or groups on one carbon are as far apart as possible from the atoms or groups on an adjacent carbonEclipsed conformation: a conformation about a carboncarbon single bond in which the atoms or groups of atoms on one carbon are as close as possible to the atoms or groups of atoms on an adjacent carbonDihedral angle (Q): the angle created by two intersecting planesEthane as a function of dihedral angleconformations of butane as a function of dihedral angleCyclopropaneangle strain: the CCC bond angles are pressed from 176。) C: a carbon bonded to two other carbons2176。 a chemical bond formed by sharing electrons is called a covalent bondbonds may be partially ionic or partially covalent。 Shapes of Molecules…………………………………3 Polar and Nonpolar Molecules………………………………………………5 Resonance……………………………………………………………………6 Molecular Orbital Theory……………………………………………………8 Hybrid Orbitals………………………………………………………………9Chapter 2 Alkane and cycloalkane…………………………………………………13 Alkane………………………………………………………………………13 Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes……………………………………………17 Conformations………………………………………………………………18 Oxidation of Alkanes………………………………………………………24 Chlorination and Bromination of Alkanes…………………………………25Chapter 3 Alkene……………………………………………………………………29 Structure and nomenclature…………………………………………………29 Reaction Mechanism………………………………………………………32 Reaction of Alkene…………………………………………………………35Chapter 4 Alkyne and Diene…………………………………………………………47 Structure and Nomenclature of Alkynes……………………………………47 Physical Properties of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons…………………………48 addition reaction of alkyne…………………………………………………48 An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis……………………………………54 Preparation Of Alkyne………………………………………………………54 Properties and nomenclature of Dienes……………………………………55 Reaction of dienes…………………………………………………………57Chapeter 5 Stereochemistry…………………………………………………………60 Isomers……………………………………………………………………60 Isomers with One Asymmetric Carbon……………………………………61 Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Carbon………………………64 resolution of a racemic mixture……………………………………………65 Stereochemistry of Reactions: Regioselective, Stereoselective, and Stereospecific Reactions………………………………………………………66Chapter 6 Aromatic hydrocarbons…………………………………………………70 The structure of benzene…………………………………………………70 Substitued derivatives of benzene and their nonmenclature………………72 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons………………………………………74 Criteria for Aromaticity…………………………………………………74 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction………………………………75 Reactions of Substituted Benzenes………………………………………80 Reactions of Substituents on Benzene……………………………………86Chapter 7 Alkyl Halides……………………………………………………………89 Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides……………………………………………897. 2 Classes of Alkyl Halides…………………………………………………897. 3 Bonding in Alkyl Halides…………………………………………………89 Physical properties of alkyl halides…………………………………………90 Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides……………………………………91 Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides…………………………………100Chapter 8 Alcohols and ethers………………………………………………………108 Nomenclature of Alcohols…………………………………………………108 Bonding in Alkyl Halides…………………………………………………108 Physical properties of alcohols……………………………………………109 Acidity and Basicity of alcohols…………………………………………110 Substitution Reactions of Alcohols………………………………………111 Elimination Reactions of Alcohols s………………………………………114 Substitution Reactions of Ethers…………………………………………116 Reactions of Epoxides……………………………………………………117Chapter 9 Infrared Spectroscopy and NMR Spectroscopy…………………………120 Infrared Spectroscopy……………………………………………………120 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance……………………………………………127Chapter 10 Aldehydes and Ket