【正文】 。抗原決定簇（antigenic determinant)又稱為抗原表位（epitope)，指位于抗原表面可決定抗原特異性的特定化學基團。從抗原刺激開始，經(jīng)過抗原特異性淋巴細胞對抗原的識別（感應），使它們發(fā)生活化、增殖、分化等一系列變化，最終表現(xiàn)出相應的體液免疫或（和）細胞免疫效應免疫應答（immune response)具有：能識別異己、具有特異性和記憶性是免疫應答的三個突出特點。補體的本質(zhì)是一種“酶原”，能夠被任何抗原抗體復合物激活，參與破壞和清除已被抗體結(jié)合的抗原和細胞，發(fā)揮其溶胞作用、促進吞噬等作用。決定傳染結(jié)局的三大因素: 病原體，宿主的免疫力，環(huán)境因素細菌毒素可以分為外毒素（exotoxin)和內(nèi)毒素(endotoxin)兩大類。根圈（rhizosphere): 也稱根標，指生長中的植物根系直接影響的土壤區(qū)域，為植物根系有效吸收養(yǎng)分的范圍。Mutualism： [Latin mutuus, borrowed or reciprocal （互惠的）] defines the relationship in which some reciprocal benefit accrues（得利，獲益） to both partners. This is an obligatory relationship in which the mutualist and the host are metabolically dependent on each other. Lichens （地衣）are excellent example of mutualism. Lichens are the association between specific asycetes (the fungus) and certain genera of either green algae or cyanobacteria.Protocooperation（協(xié)同共棲）：Protocooperation is a mutually beneficial relationship, similar to that which occurs in mutualism, but in protocooperation, this relationship is not obligatory.協(xié)同共棲：兩種微生物在群落中盡管獨自生活，但他們各自的生命活動對其伙伴產(chǎn)生有利影響，主要表現(xiàn)為提供營養(yǎng)和消除有害因素。} Osmotic pressure} Radiation?；鶊F轉(zhuǎn)位（group translocation）屬于主動運輸?shù)囊环N特殊形式。3, Replication。rhizoid(假根)。⑥ Heterotrophy by absorption。Species All species names of cellular microorganisms obey the Latin binominal nomenclature built by Linnaeus without exception.Mycoplasma (支原體)are the procaryotic organism between bacteria (細菌) and rickettsia (立克次氏體).Chlamydia (衣原體)are a genus of minitype Gramnegative prokaryotic organism which obligate parasitize in eukaryotic cells.Spirochaeta are a group of Gramnegative unicellular prokaryotic organism whose configuration and kinesiology are particular.Substrate mycelium Aerial hyphae Sporular hyphaMajor Characteristics Used in Taxonomy：? 1，Classical Characteristics? Morphological Characteristics? Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics? Ecological Characteristics? Genetic Analysis? 2, Molecular Characteristics? Comparison of Proteins? Nucleic Acid Base Composition? Nucleic Acid Hybridization? Nucleic Acid Sequencing (16S rRNA sequencing)Bacterial colony (菌落): A bacterial colony is defined as a visible cluster of organisms growing on the surface of or within a solid medium, theoretically cultured from a single cell.Bacterial lawn (菌苔): Bacterial lawn is a used by biologists to describe the appearance of bacterial colonies when all the individual colonies on a petridish merge together to form a a field or mat of bacteria.Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic microorganisms（真核微生物概念）： The eukaryotic microorganisms is not a natural monophyletic taxon. They have the nuclear membrane coating a cell nucleus, carry out mitosis, and have mitochondria in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic microorganisms include : fungi, microalgae and protozoa.Fungi differ from plants in two quite fundamental respects: 223。 革蘭氏陰性菌（G）基體由L、P、S、M四個環(huán)構(gòu)成。具體而言：通過初染和媒染后，在細胞膜內(nèi)形成了不溶于水的結(jié)晶與碘的復合物。 they are called spirilla （螺旋菌）if rigid and spirochetes (螺旋體) when flexible.4, Capsules (莢膜) and slime layers (粘液層) usually are posed of polysaccharides (多糖), but they may be constructed of other materials.5, Gram staining procedure(革蘭氏染色的步驟)In the first step of the Gramstaining procedure, the smear is stained with the basic dye crystal violet, the primary stain. It is followed by treatment with an iodine solution functioning as a mordant. That is, the iodine increases the interaction between the cell and the dye so that the cell is stained more strongly. The smear is next decolorized by washing with ethanol or acetone. This step generates the differential aspect of the Gram stain。（1）四肽尾的第3個氨基酸不是Llys，而是被內(nèi)消旋二氨基二酸（mDAP）所代替（2）沒有特殊的肽橋，其前后兩個單體間的連接僅通過甲四肽尾的第4個氨基酸DAla的羧基與乙四肽尾的第3個氨基酸mDAP的氨基直接相連。Order224。③ Vegetative bodies are usually developing filamentous and branched structure as well as unicell。 (4) Basidiomycota （擔子菌亞門，高等真菌） 含有溫和噬菌體的寄主細胞稱為溶源細胞或細胞溶源化。Platform phage：It is the period that all of the host cells are lysated and the valence of virus reaches the apogee.某些噬菌體侵染細菌后，將自身基因組整合到細菌細胞染色體上，隨寄主細胞分裂而同步復制，并不引起細菌裂解釋放噬菌體，因而被稱作溫和噬菌體（temperate phage）溫和性噬菌體和烈性噬菌體生活周期的比較：Prion（阮病毒的概念）：A prion (= proteinaceous infectious particle) is a selfreplicating protein responsible for a range of neurodegenerative disorders in humans and mammals. Inclusion bodies （包涵體的概念）：Inclusion bodies are nuclear or cytoplasmic ag