【正文】 resource endowments were fairly similar to those in the rest of Europe, it had less of a need to import from other European countries. In the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution, where manufacturing trade accelerated and has continued to expand with improvements in transportation and munications, it is not surprising that the UK would turn more to the nearby and large economies in Europe for much of its trade. This is a direct prediction of the gravity model.作為一章討論,一個世紀(jì)以前,大部分世界貿(mào)易在商品在許多方面是氣候和地理位置決定。如果一個人放棄收獲的蘋果，這將釋放三單位的勞動。蘋果按3 / 2的價格提供的最大數(shù)量是按國內(nèi)400提供的，在這個價格，國外收獲800個香蕉，沒有蘋果，在這個價格的1 / 2給出最大的相對供給。貿(mào)易使得每個國家可以用2個香蕉換取1個蘋果。關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是，相對工資率不憑空得來的；他們是通過比較生產(chǎn)力和商品的相對需求決定的。對于這個決定，也需要行業(yè)比率。結(jié)果，美國的購買力比日本高是因為他們在不交易物品的低價格上。4. In the Ricardian model, labor gains from trade through an increase in its purchasing power. This result does not support labor union demands for limits on imports from less affluent countries. The HeckscherOhlin model directly addresses distribution by considering the effects of trade on the owners of factors of production. In the context of this model, unskilled . labor loses from trade since this group represents the relatively scarce factors in this country. The results from the HeckscherOhlin model support labor union demands for import limits. In the short run, certain unskilled unions may gain or lose from trade depending on in which sector they work, but in theory, in the longer run, the conclusions of the HeckscherOhlin model will ，勞動力通過增加其購買力，從交易中獲利。在短期內(nèi)，雖然，它顯然已經(jīng)傷害了那些與特定行業(yè)的技能的人將面臨轉(zhuǎn)型成本。鮑文，他和sveikauskas發(fā)現(xiàn)世界作為一個整體的要素稟賦和貿(mào)易模式之間的關(guān)系是脆弱的。Chapter 6n?Answers to Textbook Problems 1. Cases a and d reflect external economies of scale since concentration of the production of an industry in a few locations reduces the industry’s costs even when the scale of operation of individual firms remains small. External economies need not lead to imperfect petition. The benefits of geographical concentration may include a greater variety of specialized services to support industry operations and larger labor markets or thicker input markets. Cases b and c reflect internal economies of scale and occur at the level of the individual firm. The larger the output of a product by a particular firm, the lower its average costs. This leads to imperfect petition as in petrochemicals, aircraft, and 。邊際收益總是小于不完全競爭市場下的價格因為出售額外的單位產(chǎn)出,企業(yè)必須降低價格的單位,不只是邊緣。兩個其他的例子:生物技術(shù)和飛機(jī)設(shè)計。d. “True” scotch whiskey can only e from Scotland. The production of scotch whiskey requires a technique known to skilled distillers who are concentrated in the region. Also, soil and climactic conditions are favorable for grains used in local scotch production. This reflects parative advantage.“真正的“蘇格蘭威士忌只能來自蘇格蘭。顯然,在市場價格差必須為這平凡的盈利。由于外部經(jīng)濟(jì)不再重要，企業(yè)集群發(fā)現(xiàn)小的優(yōu)勢，它是可能的，比其他的高工資的原始位置選擇的地點(diǎn)。工資更高的在外國,所以工人遷移的地方有兩家和邊際產(chǎn)品在外國就相當(dāng)于。如果一個國家開始了作為一個好的，即，生產(chǎn)商已開始甚至作為一個歷史的偶然，那么所有的生產(chǎn)將在該國發(fā)生，它將向世界各地出口。同時,土壤和氣候條件有利于谷物用于當(dāng)?shù)氐奶K格蘭生產(chǎn)。飛機(jī)設(shè)計既要求創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造新的飛機(jī)更安全,或者更高效,但它也是一個行業(yè),新飛機(jī)經(jīng)常是很微妙的改變之前的模型和經(jīng)驗?zāi)Ｐ?詳盡描述一個可能是一個巨大的幫助在創(chuàng)建一個新的。在壟斷競爭模型,這種集中的勞動福利東道國,這還可以捕捉一些壟斷租金,而它可能會損害世界其他地區(qū)可能面臨更高的價格,然后在其消費(fèi)商品。地理集中的好處可能包括一個更大的各種各樣的專業(yè)服務(wù),以支持行業(yè)操作和更大的勞動力市場或厚輸入市場。7. If the efficiency of the factors of production differs internationally, the lessons of the HeckscherOhlin theory would be applied to “effective factors” which adjust for the differences in technology or worker skills or land quality (for example). The adjusted model has been found to be more successful than the unadjusted model at explaining the pattern of trade between countries. Factorprice equalization concepts would apply to the effective factors. A worker with more skills or in a country with better technology could be considered to be equal to two workers in another country. Thus, the single person would be two effective units of labor. Thus, the one highskilled worker could earn twice what lowerskilled workers do, and the price of one effective unit of labor would still be ，俄林理論課將適用于“影響因素”，適應(yīng)不同的技術(shù)或土地、技術(shù)工人素質(zhì)（例如）。首先，通過允許編程做得更便宜，它擴(kuò)大了美國的生產(chǎn)可能性邊界，使整個國家更好的平均。赫克歇爾俄林模型直接解釋考慮到貿(mào)易對生產(chǎn)要素所有者影響的分配。貿(mào)易的獲益隨著不交換物品交易的增長而下降。8. While Japanese workers may earn the equivalent wages of . workers, the purchasing power of their ine is onethird less. This implies that although w = w* (more or less), p p* (since 3p = p*). Since the United States is considerably more productive in services, service prices are relatively low. This benefits and enhances . purchasing power. However, many of these services cannot be transported and hence, are not traded. This implies that the Japanese may not benefit from the lower . services costs, and do not face an international price which is lower than their domestic price. Likewise, the price of services in United States does not increase with the opening of trade since these services are nontraded. Consequently, . purchasing power is higher than that of Japan due to its lower prices on nontraded goods. 當(dāng)日本工人可以取得和美國工人相等的薪金的時候，他們收入帶來的購買力相比已經(jīng)少了1/3,。中國的低工資大概反映了一個事實，在大多數(shù)行業(yè)，中國是生產(chǎn)率比美國的低。每個國家都會從貿(mào)易中獲益。在5的價格，這兩個國家將收獲蘋果。因此，相對價格等于相對成本，這相當(dāng)于蘋果的工資乘以單位勞動要求除以香蕉的工資乘以單位勞動要求。這意味著進(jìn)口諸如棉花和橡膠在西半球的國家或亞洲。如果你填寫整個表,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)之前的方程是 180。一使用的示例見表2 2就是所有的貿(mào)易流動在2 2和2 1的GDP兩倍而不是4倍。巴西遠(yuǎn)離墨西哥和美國,所以其貿(mào)易是分為兩種。鑒于地處偏遠(yuǎn),澳大利亞面臨著相對較高的運(yùn)輸成本高,從而減少進(jìn)口和出口貿(mào)易的吸引力。3. No, if every country’s GDP were to double, world trade would not quadruple. One way to see this using the example from Table 22 would simply be to quadruple all the trade flows in 22 and also double the GDP in 21. We would see that the first line of Table 22 would be—, , , . If that were true, Country A would have exported $8 trillion which is equal to its entire GDP. Likewise, it would have imported $8 trillion, meaning it had zero spending on its own goods (highly unlikely). If instead we filled in Table 22 as before, by multiplying the appropriate shares of the world economy times a country’s GDP, we would see the first line of Table 22 reads—, , , . In this case, 60% of Country A’s GDP is exported, the same as before. The logic is that while the world GDP has doubled, increasing the likelihood of