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信用證案例分析ppt課件(完整版)

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【正文】 ? Q6: 信用證要求的一份單據(jù)的出具時間是1998年,但受益人提交的該單據(jù)卻錯誤地顯示成了 1997年。 instead of 39。. ? c) AWB shows beneficiary39。但其他單據(jù),比如提單上顯示了正確的貨物明細數(shù)量,但沒有顯示貨物總的數(shù)量。 ” 該條規(guī)定銀行在單據(jù)寄送過程中的遺失給予免責。 ? 如果被認定為一種代理關(guān)系 :開證行應(yīng)承擔由于單據(jù)遺失而導致的損失 。 ? 2)如果開證行判斷出單據(jù)不相符,有權(quán)聲稱單據(jù)不符而拒絕兌付。在美國法上,根據(jù)1995修訂的 UCC 5117,申請人在償付開證人后可代為取得開證人對任何受益人、提示人、或被指定人的權(quán)利,其權(quán)利范圍如同申請人是對開證人負有的義務(wù)之第二債務(wù)人。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun DOCUMENTS LOSS 特例 ?—♂ : 如果是由于 UCP500第 17條中規(guī)定的 不可抗力而導致的遺失,被指定行雖不能援用 UCP第16條但可援用第 17條免責。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS ? 2)拼寫或打字錯誤有可能導致歧義或產(chǎn)生實質(zhì)性影響的,則要結(jié)合語境、聯(lián)系提交的其他單據(jù)作出綜合判斷。Industrial Park39。 named in the AWB as 39。交單的議付行聲稱受益人證明的出具日期是打字錯誤,是將 “ Feb 14‖錯打成了 “ Feb 4‖。( Boston Hides amp。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS ? 一則不妥的 ICC意見 R251 ? ICC: “ 一致 ” 要求相同信息(比如相同的重量、體積、麥頭)在不同單據(jù)之間顯示出相同細節(jié),不管該信息是否是信用證要求顯示的。第二天(在信用證效期和交單期內(nèi))議付行發(fā)來電報,由受益人出具的HEALTH CERT為其在該信用證項下提交的應(yīng)被審核的單據(jù)。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun NEGOTIATION 不是辦法的辦法 ? 修訂小組內(nèi)唯一亞洲成員,新加坡信用證專家蘇志成先生仍然傾向于刪除議付概念,同時建議如果信用證當事方有融資需求,可在信用證內(nèi)添加允許融資的授權(quán)條款,以期徹底解除議付問題。 ? “ negotiation”是指議付信用證下 , 被指定行以預付款項或同意預付款項給受益人的方式對匯票 ( 該匯票的受票行不是被指定行 ) 及 /或單據(jù)的買入 。 ? Cromwell v. Commerce amp。開證行并未要求保兌行在到期日前貼現(xiàn)或支付任何對價,這只是保兌行自己的決定,盡管這樣做也沒有與指令相違背。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD ? 2)被指定付款 /議付 /延期付款 /承兌行 ? 被指定行必須在開證行的授權(quán)范圍內(nèi)行事,同時必須善意地支付對價,這樣才能受到豁免權(quán)的保護。 (b) The underlying obligation of the principal/applicant has been declared invalid by a court or arbitral tribunal, unless the undertaking indicates that such contingency falls within the risk to be covered by the undertaking。于是受益人就讓該員工簽發(fā)檢驗證,并妥當?shù)靥峤涣伺c信用證表面相符的單據(jù)。而該倒簽行為是航運代理人瞞著受益人作出的,受益人并不知曉。 (7) his reliance on its truth。s drafts acted as some sort of representation, there is no evidence that it was false. The letters of credit are identical on their face, except for the number, date, expiration date and aggregate amount, and there is no indication anywhere on them that they were for specific construction projects. Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD COURT: “ to establish a claim for fraud, the Bank had to show that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to the following elements: (1) a representation。 ? 受益人實際出運 “ fabric with a 70% rayon/30% wool content”, 但提交的單據(jù)中卻虛假地顯示與信用證相同的貨物且單據(jù)相符 。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD ? 信用證欺詐例外原則 ? 是指在肯定信用證獨立性原則的前提下,允許銀行在存在信用證欺詐的情況下,不予兌付,法院亦可以頒發(fā)止付令對銀行的兌付行為予以禁止。 ? 尋求司法救濟 —信用證欺詐例外原則。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD 對 “ material fraud‖的把握: ★ 對于 單據(jù)中的欺詐 而言, “ 實質(zhì)性欺詐 ” 達到令單據(jù)無效的嚴重程度,破壞了其作為信用證交易所特定要求的本質(zhì); ★ 對于 基礎(chǔ)交易中的欺詐 而言,受益人非根本性的違約一般不能被認為構(gòu)成欺詐,只有受益人的行為嚴重違背包括基礎(chǔ)合同在內(nèi)的整個交易安排,導致對方的根本合同目的或主要目的已經(jīng)落空時,才構(gòu)成 “ 實質(zhì)性欺詐 ” 。但備用證中并未明確是對應(yīng)于具體的工程。 (5) his intent that it should be acted on by the person and in the manner reasonably contemplated。 英國一直對欺詐例外原則的適用有相當嚴 格的限制。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD ? 學術(shù)界對該案的評論更多的是批評: ? 《 Export Trade》 by . Schmitthoff:“The decision of the Court of Appeal represented sound mercial sense.” ? 《 Benjamin?s Sale of Goods》 : “ It is disturbing that whilst a document stating the true loading date could have been rejected by the bank in the light of the doctrine of strict pliance, a document in which the loading date was fraudulently misrepresented by its maker constituted a valid tender in the beneficiary?s hands.” ? 《 Bank Credits And Acceptances》 by H. Harfield: Although it is not explicitly stated in every letter of credit that the documents should be genuine, it is logically and generally recognized that there is an implied warranty by the beneficiary that documents tendered are genuine. Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD ? Montrod Ltd. V. Grundkotter FleischvertriedsGmbh(2021) ? 該案中賣方為信用證的受益人,而買方委托另一家公司作為申請人開立了信用證。s presentation of documents that its employees signed for the Applicant in the honest belief that the buyer rightfully authorized them to do so did not fall within the fraud exception, and English law did not recognize a separate nullity exception for documents honestly created and presented. Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD ? 聯(lián)合國獨立擔保和備用信用證公約( UNCITRAL CONVENTION)的標準 ? Article 19. Exception to payment obligation 1) If it is manifest and clear that: (a) Any document is not genuine or has been falsified。 ? 該第三方必須在上述開證行的授權(quán)范圍內(nèi)行事。貼現(xiàn)后一周, 開證行通知受益人提交了偽造的單據(jù)并存在確鑿的欺詐。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun LC FRAUD ? 注意兩點: ? 1) 該匯票必須是在票據(jù)法上合格的流通票據(jù)。 ? 回避了 “ 支付對價 ” 的概念 。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun NEGOTIATION 一個期望: ? 期望修訂小組能推出一個明確、確切、為各國銀行委員會所接受的定義。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS ? ICC意見 TA593Rev. ? 信用證中有一個單據(jù)要求為: “ Health certificate is required‖,議付行在提交的單據(jù)中有兩份 “ health certificate‖,一份由受益人出具,一份由該國農(nóng)業(yè)食品部出具。 ? 舉例:商業(yè)發(fā)票上顯示了受益人名稱、申請人名稱、貨物描述,發(fā)票金額,而船公司注明上顯示的卻是承運人名稱以及證明語句 (比如 “ The vessel‘s age is less than 20 years‖),那么我們說商業(yè)發(fā)票與船公司證明之間沒有相互矛盾之處,即并無不一致,但由于兩份單據(jù)之間沒有關(guān)聯(lián),因而兩份單據(jù)并不是一致的。 Copyright2021 Cheng Jun STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS 單據(jù)中的拼寫錯誤( misspellings)或打字錯誤 (typing errors) ? 單據(jù)中哪些不符之處應(yīng)被看成是拼寫錯誤,又有哪些拼寫錯誤不應(yīng)被視為不符點呢? ? CASE STUDY Copyright2021 Cheng Jun STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS ? Q1: 提單上的被通知方 notify party―Sofan‖錯誤地拼寫成 “ Soran‖ ,是否構(gòu)成不符點?( Beyene v. Irving Trust Co., 762 420 (2d Cir. 1985)) ? Q2: 備用證要求受益人提交的匯票中顯示:“ 該匯票是根據(jù) ‘ 86122S‘信用證開出的。 ( 同上判例 ) ? Q7: 信用證中錯誤地顯示受益人名稱為“ Sung Jin Electronics Co. Ltd.‖,而受益人提交的單據(jù)中顯示了正確的名稱 “ Sung Jun Electronics Co., Ltd.‖ ( Hanil Bank v. PT. Bank Negara Indonesia 2021) Copyright2021 Cheng Jun STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS ? Q8: The mercial invoice and packing list show the description in terms of the credit, ., AB2 CDE 123 PIN FCPGA BOX. The air waybill shows the goods dispatched as AB2 CDE 123 PIN FCPA BOX. ( DOCDEX CASE
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