chap14競爭市場上的企業(yè)(完整版)
【正文】 un equilibrium must have firms operating at their efficient scale. 為什么企業(yè)獲得零利潤還在經(jīng)營？ Firms Stay in Business with Zero Profit ? 利潤等于總收益減總成本。 Firms may have different costs. 邊際企業(yè) Marginal Firm 邊際企業(yè) 是如果價格有任何下降就退出市場的企業(yè)。 In the long run when the firm can recover both fixed and variable costs, it will choose to exit if the price is less than average total cost. 總結(jié) Summary ? 在有自由進入與退出的市場上，長期中企業(yè)利潤為零，所有企業(yè)在有效規(guī)模點生產(chǎn)。 To maximize profit a firm chooses the quantity of output such that marginal revenue equals marginal cost. ?這也是使價格等于邊際成本的產(chǎn)量。 Economic profits differ from accounting profits. 需求的增加在短期內(nèi)的影響 Increase in Demand in the Short Run ?需求的增加在短期內(nèi)提高價格并增加數(shù)量。 Firms will enter or exit the market until profit is driven to zero. ?在長期，價格等于平均總成本的最小值。 In the longrun, the firm exits if the revenue it would get from producing is less than its total cost. ?如果 TR TC ，退出 ?如果 TR/Q TC/Q ，退出 ?如果 P ATC ，退出 企業(yè)進入或退出市場的長期決策 The Firm’s LongRun Decision to Exit or Enter a Market ?如果有利可圖，企業(yè)就將進入這一市場 。 A shutdown refers to a shortrun decision not to produce anything during a specific period of time because of current market conditions. ?退出 指離開市場的長期決策。 Total revenue for a firm is the selling price times the quantity sold. TR = (P X Q) 競爭企業(yè)的收益 Revenue of a Competitive Firm 總收益與產(chǎn)量成比例 Total revenue is proportional to the amount of output. 競爭企業(yè)的收益 Revenue of a Competitive Firm 平均收益 告訴我們一個企業(yè)從每一典型單位的銷售中得到多少收益。 Average revenue tells us how much revenue a firm receives for the typical unit sold. 競爭企業(yè)的收益 Revenue of a Competitive Firm 對所有企業(yè)來說， 平均收益 等于物品的價格 For all firms, average revenue equals the price of the good. Av e ra ge re v e nue =Tot a l re v e nueQua nt ity =( P ric e Qua nt ity )Qua nt ity= P ric e?競爭企業(yè)的收益 Revenue of a Competitive Firm 邊際收益 是銷售量增加一個單位帶來的總收益的變化。 Exit refers to a longrun decision to leave the market. 企業(yè)的短期停業(yè)決策 The Firm’s ShortRun Decision to Shut Down ?當企業(yè)決定退出時，它考慮固定成本，但當企業(yè)決定是否停業(yè)時，它不考慮固定成本。 A firm will enter the industry if such an action would be profitable. ?如果 TR TC ，進入 ?如果 TR/Q TC/Q ，進入 ?如果 P ATC ，進入 產(chǎn)量 MC ATC 0 成本 如果 P ATC， 進入 如果 P ATC，退出 競爭企業(yè)的長期供給曲線 The Competitive Firm’s Long Run Supply Curve. 企業(yè)長期供給曲線 競爭企業(yè)的長期供給曲線 The Competitive Firm’s LongRun Supply Curve 競爭企業(yè)的 長期供給曲線 是邊際成本曲線位于平均總成本曲線之上的那一部分。 In the long run, price equals t
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