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率的高低、振蕩器工作的穩(wěn)定性、起振的難易程度及溫度穩(wěn)定性,要適當(dāng)選取。 ,適用于布爾運算。因而本系統(tǒng)中選用了 40管腳的 51 單片機(jī) ATMEL89C51 作為主控芯片,它的基本特征如下: MCS—51 產(chǎn)品兼容, 8 位 CPU。 單片機(jī)輸入信號包括步進(jìn)脈沖信號 CP、方向控制信號、脫機(jī)信號,另外還有細(xì)分步數(shù)選擇信號。 單片機(jī)的應(yīng)用范圍很廣,大致可分為以下幾個方面: :電機(jī)控制、工業(yè)機(jī)器人、智能傳感器等。 10 第 3章 控制 芯片 及相關(guān)器件簡介 單片機(jī)的介紹 所謂單片機(jī),全稱是單片微型計算機(jī),又稱微控制器。假如電機(jī)的相電流為 3A,如果使用常規(guī)驅(qū)動器驅(qū)動電機(jī),電機(jī)每運行一步,其繞組內(nèi)的電流將從 0 突變?yōu)?3A 或由 3A 突變到 0,相電流的巨大變化,必然會引起電機(jī)運行的振動和噪音。在其后的三十多年里,步進(jìn)電機(jī)細(xì)分驅(qū)動技術(shù)得到了很大的發(fā)展,并在實踐中得到廣泛的應(yīng)用。由于旋轉(zhuǎn)電勢基本上與電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速成正比,轉(zhuǎn)速越高,電勢越 大,繞組電流越小,從而使電機(jī)輸出轉(zhuǎn)矩隨著轉(zhuǎn)速升高而下降。 。步進(jìn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速的高低、升速或降速、啟動或停止都完全取決于脈沖的有無或頻率的高低。 ??臻g角,轉(zhuǎn)子沿 ABC 方向轉(zhuǎn)過一個齒距。 ,中間包含的齒距數(shù)為120 9??=13+13,即當(dāng) A 相磁極上定轉(zhuǎn)子正對是, B 相磁極上定子齒的軸線沿ABC 方向領(lǐng)前轉(zhuǎn)子齒的軸線 13齒距, C 相磁極上定子齒的軸線,則沿 ABC 方向領(lǐng)前轉(zhuǎn)子齒的軸線 23齒距。定子鐵心由電工鋼片疊壓而成 。 論文研究內(nèi)容 本課題的設(shè)計內(nèi)容是 設(shè)計完成基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制器,為提高控制精度對步進(jìn)電機(jī)采用細(xì)分控制技術(shù),使控制系統(tǒng)的控制精度在普通三相六拍 的基礎(chǔ)上得到提高。日本近些年來花費巨大人力、物力,開發(fā)、研制精密機(jī)床, 1987 年日本通產(chǎn)省開始的“超尖端加工系統(tǒng)的研究開發(fā)”是大型研究規(guī)劃提出的設(shè)想。 國內(nèi)外研究開發(fā)步進(jìn)電機(jī)細(xì)分驅(qū)動器的科研單位、廠家很多。在這僅介紹細(xì)分驅(qū)動。當(dāng)脈沖頻率等于或者接近于電機(jī)的自由振蕩頻率時電機(jī)會出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的低頻共振,甚至失步導(dǎo)致無法工作。 同時,步進(jìn)電機(jī)也有自己的缺點 :從應(yīng)用的角度來看,嚴(yán)重制約步進(jìn)電機(jī)的兩個問題是失步和振蕩。因為速度和輸入脈沖的頻率成正比,運轉(zhuǎn)速度可在相當(dāng)寬范圍內(nèi)平滑調(diào)節(jié)。當(dāng)步進(jìn)驅(qū)動器接收到 2 一個脈沖信號,它就驅(qū)動步進(jìn)電機(jī)按設(shè)定的方向轉(zhuǎn)動一個固定的角度 (即步距角 )。而把 IGBT 驅(qū)動電路 及保護(hù)電路都集成在一起的智能 IGBT 模塊,具有結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、性能穩(wěn)定及運行可靠等優(yōu)點,目前己開始應(yīng)用于中、小功率的步進(jìn)電機(jī)的驅(qū)動。 近代步進(jìn)電機(jī)的驅(qū)動技術(shù)的主流是“電流型”,常規(guī)的控制技術(shù)僅對繞組的電流進(jìn)行通斷控制,在轉(zhuǎn)子齒數(shù)一定的條件下,增加相數(shù)才能提高電機(jī)的分辨率。 細(xì)分驅(qū)動技術(shù)是一種能有效改善步進(jìn) 電機(jī)低頻特性和提高步進(jìn)精度的驅(qū)動技術(shù)。本 課題 在總結(jié)和歸納多種步進(jìn)電機(jī)細(xì)分控制技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)計完成了基于單片機(jī)的步進(jìn)電機(jī)細(xì)分控制系統(tǒng) 。 關(guān)鍵詞 單片機(jī);步進(jìn)電機(jī);細(xì)分控制 II Design of Stepper Motor Subdivision Controller Based on Microcontroller Abstract Stepper motor is a kind of electromechanical ponent that is driven in step angle or line displacement by electric pulse signal. Because of having the advantage of easy openloop control and no accumulating error, stepper motor is being applied widely in many fields . As an integrated system including with both stepping motor and driver, its quality of operation is depended on the performance of motor, driver and controller .Generally, the noise of the stepping motor is great, and control precision is low, which can' t meet request of the high running quality in many situations . So the performance is improved in stepping motor operation through realizing the subdivision operation of stepping motor. This topic in summarizes various stepping motor subdivision control technology, on the basis of these technology, pleted the design of stepping motor subdivision system based on singlechip microputer The stepper motor?s microstepping driver is a kind of driving technology that can effectively improve the step precision and characteristic of low frequency. It is mostly used when the equipments require highprecision, low noise or low vibration system, and it is being a more and more popular driving technology. In this paper, the working principle and configuration of threephase Stepper are introduced, then based on technologies such as stepper motor controller and microcontroller .we analysis the using of microstepping driving technology to improve operational performance . Current subdividing technology not only overes the disadvantages of motor?s vibration and noise at low speeds but also reduces probability of resonance. It prevents the reactive voltage errors brought by other windings and the drift errors brought by current. It improves the precision of subdivision. In the thesis, we develop a single chip puterbased digital controlling system for a threephase stepper motor that is mainly constructed from a AT89CS1 single chip puter and 8279IC which is used as the core of control parts and a three fullbridge driver IR2130. The power stage of this driver uses IGBT IR2130 that provides high reliability. Based on the approach, the system' s whole architecture, the design of hardware and software are in traduced in detail. Keywords Single chip microputer; Stepper motor; Subdivide control III 目錄 摘要 …… ....................................................................................................................... I Abstract ........................................................................................................................ II 第 1 章 緒論 ................................................................................................................ 1 課題背景 ........................................................................................................... 1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)概述 ................................................................................................... 1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)概述 ................................................................................... 2 國內(nèi)外研究狀況及發(fā)展趨勢 ........................................................................... 3 論文研究內(nèi)容 ................................................................................................... 4 第 2 章 步進(jìn)電機(jī)及其驅(qū)動系統(tǒng) ................................................................................ 5 步進(jìn)電機(jī)及其工作原理 ................................................................................... 5 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點 ................................................................................ 5 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的 基本工作原理 ........................................................................ 5 繞組通電方式 ............................................................................................ 6 步距角的控制 ............................................................................................ 7 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動系統(tǒng) ........................................................................................... 7 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)簡介 ............................................................................ 7 步進(jìn)電機(jī)細(xì)分驅(qū)動原理及特點 ................................................................ 8 本章小結(jié) ........................................................................................................... 9 第 3 章 控制芯片及相關(guān)器件簡介 .......................................................................... 10 單片機(jī)的介紹 .............................................