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. Bandwidth efficiency is measured by dividing the zerocrossing bandwidth by the data rate. Bandwidth efficient schemes have several advantages— the receiver and transmitter electronics are cheaper, and the modulation scheme is less likely to be affected by multipath distortion. Power efficiency is measured by paring the required transmit power to achieve a target probability of error Pe for different modulation techniques. Both and PPM are more power efficient than OOK, but at the cost of reduced bandwidth efficiency. However, for a given bandwidth efficiency, PPM is more power efficient than , and so PPM is most monly used. OOK is most useful at very high data rates, say 100 Mb/s or greater. Then, the effect of multipath distortion is the most significant effect and bandwidth efficiency bees of paramount importance(9). B. Error Control Coding Error control coding is an important technique for improving the quality of any digital munication system. We concentrate here on forward error correction channel coding, as this specifically relates to wireless infrared munications。 shortterm cableless connectivity for information exchange (business cards, schedules, file sharing) between two users. The primary example is IrDA systems (see Section 4). 178。典型的便攜設備包括筆記本電腦,個人數(shù)字助理,便攜式電話,而基站通常與網(wǎng)絡內(nèi)的其他計算機相連來工作。 3.為城域網(wǎng)或校園區(qū)網(wǎng)絡 內(nèi)的 建筑物 提供 高速網(wǎng)絡連接。該鏈接可以暫時創(chuàng)建一個數(shù)據(jù) 在 兩個用戶之間 進行 交換,或 在 移動基站單元建立局域網(wǎng) 對這一單元進行校準使之長久保持連接 。 在第 2 節(jié)中,我們考慮 下面幾個 問題。 當有連續(xù)相位的信號時,使用相干解調(diào)是最好的 。 我們可以寫出接收端的光 其中 R 是接收光電二極管( A/ W)的響應。雖然激光二極管比發(fā)光二極管適合開發(fā),但目前大多數(shù)短期投資 的 商業(yè)系統(tǒng)仍使用 LED。增益噪聲 來源 是唯一 的, 來源于 典型的雪崩式設備,因此這里我們不會考慮。 可以通過使用高通過濾與基線恢復組合或通過仔細挑選調(diào)制類型減輕周期性噪聲的影響( 6),如 節(jié)討論。長期暴露在紅外光 下 不是一個 值得擔心的事 ,隨著環(huán)境光源不斷提 高 我們的身體輻射水平 會 比這些通信系統(tǒng)更高。這對定義信噪比 SNR 是非常有用的 其中 H( 0)為直流電流通道的增益,即它是 h( t)的頻率在零時的傅里葉變換,因此 所傳輸?shù)男盘柨梢员硎緸? 序列 代表傳輸?shù)臄?shù)字信息,其中 是 L 的一個可能的數(shù)據(jù)符號其范圍從 0到 L 1。 帶寬效率 方案 有幾個優(yōu)勢,接收器和發(fā)送器電子產(chǎn)品便宜,調(diào) 制方案不太可能被多徑失真的影響。信源編碼和 ARQ 編碼是不列入考慮。一個特別的研究可能會為 i 產(chǎn)生成百上千的例子脈沖響應 Ci( t) 。 給出 計算 模型詳細空間特性參數(shù)的方法, 使系統(tǒng)設計人員可以快速地估計 出 各種的信道特性。 其基本假設是,大多數(shù)室內(nèi)表面反射光在彌漫朗伯模式 (即 所有入射光,不管入射角,方向和強度都與曲面法線的映像的余弦角度成正比 ) 的映像 。 dB 具有相同的帶寬已經(jīng)公布了 2 / 3編碼的 8PPM 編碼效益比未編碼編碼 16 PPM 高 ( 11)。 需要的 數(shù)據(jù)速率非常高 , 例如 100 Mb / s 或 更大時 OOK 最有用。圖 3 介紹了這種脈沖調(diào)制技術。 A.調(diào)制技術 為了了解 IM/ DD 調(diào)制系 統(tǒng),我們必須 分析 以下通道模型并考慮其具體特點。 然而,近紅外 光 超出了可見光范 圍,所以閉眼不會使眼睛免受損壞。 接收機的噪聲起因是接收器電路的熱效應,尤 其是對前置放大器的使用。 C.傳輸波長和噪音 如何去選擇一個傳輸波長是有效的,低成本的供應源和探測器是最重要的。典型的電光轉(zhuǎn)換器件是發(fā)光二極管( LED)和半導體激光二極管( LD)。因此,大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)使用直接檢測( IM/ DD) 中 的光強度調(diào)制來實現(xiàn)調(diào)制和解調(diào)。 A.調(diào)制解調(diào) 發(fā)射器發(fā)出的調(diào)制波攜帶有怎樣的特征信息?大多數(shù)通信系統(tǒng)是基于相位,振幅或頻率調(diào)制,或這些技術的結合。因此, 擴散 性 系統(tǒng)也稱為非定向非視距系統(tǒng)。 最簡單的鏈接 類型是點至點系統(tǒng)。主要的例子是紅外線系統(tǒng)(見第 4 節(jié))。 the transmitter employs a wide transmit beam and the receiver has a wide fieldofview. Also, the LOS path is not required. Hence, diffuse systems are also called nondirected nonLOS systems. These systems are well suited to the wireless LAN application, freeing the user from knowing and aligning with the locations of the other municating devices. C. Fundamentals and Outline Most wireless infrared munications systems can be modeled as having an output signal Y (t) and an input signal X(t) which are related by where denotes convolution, C(t) is the impulse response of the channel and N(t) is additive noise. This article is organized around answering key questions concerning the system as represented by this model. In Section 2, we consider questions of optical design. What range of wireless infrared munications systems does this model apply to? How does C(t) depend on the electrical and optical properties of the receiver and transmitter? How does C(t) depend on the location, size, and orientation of the receiver and transmitter? How do X(t) and Y (t) relate to optical processes? What wavelength is used for X(t)?What devices produce X(t) and Y (t)? What is the source of N(t)? Are there any safety considerations? In Section 3, we consider questions of munications design. How should a data symbol sequence be modulated onto the input signal X(t)? What detection mechanism is best for extracting the information about the data from the received signal Y (t)? How can one measure and improve the performance of the system? In Section 4, we consider the design choices made by existing standards such as IrDA and , in Section 5, we consider how these systems can be improved in the future. II. Optical Design A. Modulation and demod