【正文】 rsatisfaction alternatives. using the order relation between market segments or service levels, one must choose whether some will be oversatis?ed and therefore the corresponding variants or modules will not be manufactured。 personal puter families are much more modular。 y satis?es Requirement 1 at the Service Levels 1/x and Requirement 2 at the Service Levels2/y). In practice, it is not possible to manufacture all the variants because of the binatory size(V requirements with W service levels lead WV variants). But the Variant is necessary because it enables to oversatisfy any demand. So the design challenge is to select some of these variants and design their design diversity is therefore the diversity of choices in order to de?ne the set of variants, their associated service levels, and their billofmaterials. The systematic approach de?ned by Pahl and Beitz is usually adopted for designing a product. The ?rst step consists in choosing design principles. These design principles are technical and technological choices and the de?nition of a product family architecture. The architecture de?nes the types of subassemblies, their technology, and their relations. In order to design the architecture of a product family two main strategies are identi?ed which we call‘‘marketsegment oriented’’ strategy and ‘‘modular’’ strategy. Next subsections detail how to describe the result of such design strategies. Market segment design strategy The market segment strategy works on a restricted list of market segments usually de?ned by a marketing department. A market segment is characterized by ?xing a speci?c service level for each of the functional requirements. Then a variant is designed in order to ful?ll a speci?ed market segment. As several design principles can be applied to the same market segment, several admissible variants can be obtained per market segment. Moreover, as market segments are de?ned as a set of service levels of the requirements,a partial order relation between the market segments also exists. In the case of the example with 2 requirements and 3 service levels, Fig. 3 depicts the result of a design process in which only 4 market segments have been selected among the 9 possible ones. Several design principles have been applied to the market segments MS1 (3 principles) and MS4 (2 principles), and corresponding variants are obtained (notation : Variant Vi denotes the design principle number ‘‘i’’ for the variant ‘‘V’’). The bold arrows depict the order relations on the market segments. Therefore a variant designed for the market segment MS2 can also oversatisfy the needs of MS1. Demand will always be expressed on the four market segments (MS1, . . . , MS4). But the design choices that remain ?nally are: 所以，市場占有率不依賴于決策。 圖 6顯示了圖 5 描繪的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)工藝的結(jié)果所對應(yīng)的通用材料清單。而“與”節(jié)點(diǎn)表示收集所有子項(xiàng)并確定它們。以圖 5的 MS123 到 MS4的連接為例，秩序關(guān)系表示：如果有必要，為市場 領(lǐng)域 ms4 設(shè)計(jì)的變量能滿足市場領(lǐng)域 ms123 。 樹高端的節(jié)點(diǎn)識(shí)別一些組合（需求，服務(wù)水平）。舉例來說，家電設(shè)備產(chǎn)品通常分解成一些市場領(lǐng)域，個(gè)人電腦的家庭更為模塊化，而汽車產(chǎn)品為市場細(xì)分及模組化的方式的一個(gè)混合：一輛汽車通常根據(jù)一些市場水平來確定，如底等，中層和奢侈，或者運(yùn)動(dòng)和旅游休閑，同時(shí)還有一些可選的要求（顏色，電子地圖，揚(yáng)聲器，電機(jī)）。 ?在為那 些沒有過量滿足的服務(wù)水平設(shè)計(jì)的模塊中選擇一個(gè)模塊。（二）確定模塊變量和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)平臺(tái)之間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)接口。 需求通常在四個(gè)市場領(lǐng)域（ ms1 ， ? ? ， ms4 ）來討論。某一市場領(lǐng)域的確定，是通過確定針對每一個(gè)功能要求的具體的服務(wù)水平來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 因此設(shè)計(jì)多樣性是選擇的多元化，以確定一套變量，及其相關(guān)的服務(wù)水平和材料表。因此，過度滿足所有需求服務(wù)等級(jí)的最小的變量（順序的局部關(guān)系）可以實(shí)現(xiàn)該需求。 從產(chǎn)品的角度來看，一個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列是一系列的有形的產(chǎn)品變量并滿足市場的需求?；旌险麛?shù)線性規(guī)劃模型是在選擇產(chǎn)品的變量時(shí)優(yōu)化已有的供應(yīng)鏈的經(jīng)營成本。這項(xiàng)工作可以應(yīng)用到汽車零部件供應(yīng)商。一 個(gè)產(chǎn)品變量滿足某一特定的服務(wù)等級(jí)對應(yīng)的所有要求。另一個(gè)結(jié)果是，一個(gè)產(chǎn)品家族至少含有一種可以在最大的服務(wù)等級(jí)下匹配所有的功能要求的變量，使這個(gè)變量可超額滿足任何需求。由Pahl 和 Beitz 確定的系統(tǒng)的方法通常是設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品。那樣變量也應(yīng)該為了滿足具體的市場領(lǐng)域來設(shè)計(jì)。但是，最后設(shè)計(jì)的選擇仍然是： ?為更高層市場領(lǐng)域設(shè)計(jì)的變量是否過度滿足每個(gè)市場領(lǐng)域 。 此外，模塊都是獨(dú)立的，這樣很多設(shè)計(jì)原則可以適用于一個(gè)相同的服務(wù)水平，那樣許多相同的 模塊變量可被獲得。 案例中，我們可以做個(gè)極端的決定，可以只制造模塊 1/3 和 2/3 ，以滿足所有的市場領(lǐng)域。 圖五是一個(gè)典型的基于圖 3 案例和圖 4 案例的混合設(shè)計(jì)戰(zhàn)略。這些 節(jié)點(diǎn)對應(yīng)市場領(lǐng)域，或者是需求，或組合（需求，服務(wù)水平）。 因此，兩種類型的制造性決 策必須被考慮： ?在市場領(lǐng)域或者服務(wù)水平使用秩序關(guān)系，必須考慮是否有過分滿足的，導(dǎo)致相應(yīng)的變量或模塊將不會(huì)生產(chǎn) 。 ?邏輯項(xiàng)只對于通用 BOM 才是必要的。該“ 變量”，“模塊”和“ BOM”項(xiàng)目是物理性的，如果它