【正文】 ............................. 32 軟件總體設(shè)計(jì) ............................................................................ 32 軟件流程圖設(shè)計(jì) ........................................................................ 33 軟件關(guān)鍵模塊設(shè)計(jì) .............................................................................. 34 串口通信程序設(shè)計(jì) .................................................................... 34 EEPROM 的讀寫(xiě)程序核心代碼 ................................................ 34 程序設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)及注意事項(xiàng) .................................................................. 36 第 6 章 實(shí)驗(yàn)及結(jié)論 ............................................................................................ 40 第 7 章 總結(jié)及展望 ............................................................................................ 41 總結(jié) ...................................................................................................... 41 展望 ...................................................................................................... 41 第 8 章 附錄 ........................................................................................................ 42 控 制板原理圖 ...................................................................................... 42 部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu) ...................................................................................... 42 部分軟件代碼 ...................................................................................... 46 參 考 文 獻(xiàn) ........................................................................................................ 53 致 謝 .............................................................................................................. 54 華北科技學(xué)院 第 1 頁(yè) 共 54 頁(yè) 第 1章 緒論 太陽(yáng)能電池板自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的背景及意義 英國(guó)的工業(yè)革命推動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力的極大發(fā)展，而工業(yè)化需要能源作為保障的。光敏電阻 。在硬件系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上，使用匯編語(yǔ)言完成軟件程序的程序編寫(xiě)。 本設(shè)計(jì)采用光時(shí)互補(bǔ)的跟蹤方法，即是以視日運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡跟蹤為粗調(diào)，從時(shí)鐘模塊讀出當(dāng)前時(shí)間計(jì)算出太陽(yáng)的空間位置，并根據(jù)經(jīng)緯度進(jìn)一步計(jì)算出太陽(yáng)的方位角和高度角。華北科技學(xué)院 I 摘 要 以常規(guī)能源為基礎(chǔ)的能源結(jié)構(gòu)隨著資源的不斷的消耗，將越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)可持續(xù)能源的發(fā)展的需要。由單片機(jī)發(fā)出驅(qū)動(dòng)信號(hào)控制步進(jìn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，到達(dá)指定位置。 最后，論文還對(duì)整個(gè)課題設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行總結(jié)，并對(duì)課題中存在的問(wèn)題提出了改善措施和進(jìn)一步完善本系統(tǒng)的建議。單片機(jī) 太陽(yáng)能電池板自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) II Abstract As the consumption of natural resources based on conventional energy sources in energy structure, it will not bee more and more able to meet the require ments for sustainable energy development. It bees our mon views to accelerate the exploitation of the solar energy which is the the main body of the renewable energy. As a kind of clean energy, the solar energy is being much appreciated. Therefore, tracking the sun precisely is significant to improve the utilization rate of solar energy and the market need a highprecision, high stability tracking controller. There are mainly two ways to track the sun , including tracking the sun by photosensitive sensor and tracking the sun’s trajectory. The process of tracking by sensor is mainly : the sensor receive the signals which are the position discrepancy between the sunlight and the solar panel， in other word ,that is the position of the horizontal and vertical direction deviation. And feedback to the data processor and controller, then process the data and amplify , output driving signal . At last ,through the rotation of the stepper motor controlled by driving circuit and reduction box , it just adjust the angle until the sunray is pletely perpendicular to the solar panel. The sun trajectory tracking mode is made ,given some other prehensive factors such as time, season ,latitude and longitude . This design use both tracking methods which are plementary . In other words ,it depends on the trajectory tracking for coarse adjustment ,which locate the sun. When it rotate on the setting position ,it will activate the photosensitive sensor to adjust the panel’s position accurately. And it can offset the both imperfections . To plete this design, this paper makes a deep research . And on this basis, we mainly use the Photosensitive resistanceCDS ,STC12C5A and stepping motor to plete the design of the of all, according to the design requirements, we put forward system design plan and determine the feasibility of the project in principle. According to the requirements and function of each module, we plete the selection of main device. On the basis of the hardware system,use the assembly language to plete this programming. Finally, the paper summarizes the whole 華北科技學(xué)院 III project design, and puts forward improvement measures on the problems existing in the subject and suggestions to improve. Main work includes the following contents: (1) Design Automatic tracking solar panel of the circuit diagram。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)人類(lèi)前 5000 年都沒(méi)有近 300 年對(duì)能源需求的迫切。 2. 太陽(yáng)能隨處可得，就近供電，不必長(zhǎng)距離輸送，因而避免了輸電線(xiàn)路等電 能損失。 由于太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電的成本比較高是照成光伏發(fā)電沒(méi)有高速發(fā)展的主要原因之一，所以為了降低成本提高太陽(yáng)能利用率顯得極其重要。 太陽(yáng)光自動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀 在太陽(yáng)能跟蹤方面，我國(guó)在 1997 年研制了單軸太陽(yáng)跟蹤器，完成了 東西方向的自動(dòng)跟蹤，而南北方向則通過(guò)手動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)，接收器的接收效率提高了。（因?yàn)榇蠖疾捎秒p軸跟蹤，故下面主要講后者） 1．單軸跟蹤 單軸跟蹤裝置一般采用三種方式： (1)傾斜布置東西跟蹤 。這種跟蹤方式并不復(fù)雜，但從力學(xué)角度分析，在結(jié)構(gòu)上反射鏡的重量不通過(guò)極軸軸線(xiàn)，極軸支撐裝置的設(shè)計(jì)比較困難。但高精度的傳感器跟蹤系統(tǒng)受光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的限制，在太陽(yáng)光線(xiàn)偏離傳感器基準(zhǔn)軸線(xiàn)一定角度后就無(wú)法跟蹤。在日落后，跟蹤裝置停止跟蹤，按照原 有跟蹤路線(xiàn)返回到基準(zhǔn)零點(diǎn)。該系統(tǒng)采用光時(shí)互補(bǔ)的方法，單片機(jī)從外接時(shí)鐘模塊讀入當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí) 間，計(jì)算出太陽(yáng)的空間位置。采用上位機(jī)通信，地理信息調(diào)整方便可靠，靈活。到 90176。 太陽(yáng)高度角與地面的太陽(yáng)光強(qiáng)弱密切相關(guān)。地球自轉(zhuǎn)一周 360176。sinδ (1) 坐標(biāo)系二繞 Y 軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)矩陣為 : (2) 0000c os(90 ) 0 si n(90 )0 1 0si n(90 ) 0 c os(90 )A???????? ? ???????華北科技學(xué)院 第 7 頁(yè) 共 54 頁(yè) 根據(jù) [x, y, z] = [x39。cosФ) (4) sin A= cosδ這種變化是周期性和可以預(yù)測(cè)的。并繼續(xù)減小，直到冬至，另一個(gè)變化周期開(kāi)始。圖 為極軸坐標(biāo)跟蹤系統(tǒng)，天文赤道面為基本面，坐標(biāo)為時(shí)角 (用圓弧 S′G′表示 )和赤緯 (用圓弧 GG′表示 )，跟蹤過(guò)程中極軸 jj′相對(duì)于極軸坐標(biāo)系為靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)，赤緯軸 dd′則在赤道面 (或其平行面 )內(nèi)繞極軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。如將 PN 結(jié)與外電路接通，只要光照不停止，就會(huì)不斷地有電流流過(guò)電路， PN 結(jié)起了電源的作用，這就是光電池的基本工作原理。在實(shí)驗(yàn)中也發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)早晨光線(xiàn)不強(qiáng)和中午烈日當(dāng)空時(shí)，所測(cè)量的開(kāi)路電壓相差不大，而天空光線(xiàn)極差時(shí)，開(kāi)路電壓會(huì)直線(xiàn)下降，幾乎為 0。對(duì)應(yīng) 不同的光照強(qiáng)度時(shí)，電池有不同的輸出特性曲線(xiàn)，曲線(xiàn)上任何一點(diǎn)都可以作為工作點(diǎn)，工作點(diǎn)所對(duì)應(yīng)的縱和橫坐標(biāo)分別為工作電流和工作電壓，兩者之積即為電池的輸出功率 P，即 P=VI。跟蹤系統(tǒng)具體參數(shù)如下圖所示： 跟蹤精度 177。其中程序跟蹤的控制方案為：根據(jù)天亮?xí)r間，比如夏天的時(shí)候 6 點(diǎn)天亮，這樣就要使程序定在 6 點(diǎn)的時(shí)候啟動(dòng)跟蹤系統(tǒng)