【正文】 llenges, principles and issues relating to the development of wind power in China[C]． IEEE PES PSCE， 2020： 748754 [7] O39。因此，它將是一個(gè)很好的工具，它使風(fēng)力發(fā)電成一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，即使在一個(gè)弱網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，無需提高點(diǎn)短路比，也能實(shí)現(xiàn)。為了保持電壓等級(jí)，電網(wǎng)公司可以提供額外的或升級(jí)的電壓 控制設(shè)施。 為了在規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范圍內(nèi)控制電力系統(tǒng)頻率，要求一些發(fā)電廠向電網(wǎng)公司提供頻率控制配套服務(wù)。一個(gè)是上述的事實(shí)，風(fēng)力發(fā)電網(wǎng)站通常是遠(yuǎn)離的傳統(tǒng)的電力中心。固定速度的風(fēng)力發(fā)電機(jī)閃爍的主要原因是塔的尾流。對于變速風(fēng)力渦輪機(jī)和恒定頻率 轉(zhuǎn)換器造成的諧波問題，也應(yīng)考慮?！帮L(fēng)電場無功功率的整體需求是相當(dāng)大，從而導(dǎo)致減少在 PCC附近地區(qū)的電壓穩(wěn)定。然而為了控制電壓， 可能導(dǎo)致增加對無功功率的輔助服務(wù) [8]。 用于常規(guī)發(fā)電機(jī)的分析的方法是確定的，而忽略了不確定性的風(fēng)速和負(fù)荷預(yù)測。風(fēng)力發(fā)電對電力系統(tǒng)的影響包括有 功和無 功 電 流，電壓，系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性，電能質(zhì)量，短路容量和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的特點(diǎn)由于高容量的風(fēng)力發(fā)電的動(dòng)態(tài)和隨機(jī)性能。然而，晝夜和天氣的高峰可能會(huì)影響 電力系統(tǒng)的 長期的 平衡，在這樣的系統(tǒng)中風(fēng)速預(yù)測起著 非常 顯著作用。風(fēng)電場輸出的隨機(jī)變化主要 源于風(fēng)速的波動(dòng)和方向。這些年新增累積裝機(jī)容量如圖 2顯示。而提供電力系統(tǒng)清潔能源的同時(shí)，風(fēng)電 場也會(huì)帶來一些對電力系統(tǒng) 不利的因素。由 于電力需求 增長 快速，對以化石燃料為基礎(chǔ)的發(fā)電是不可持續(xù)的。電網(wǎng) 并未專門設(shè)計(jì)用來接入風(fēng)電，因此如果要保持現(xiàn)有的電力供應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不能 避免地需要進(jìn)行一些相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。 當(dāng)大型風(fēng)電場（幾百兆瓦）成為主流時(shí)，風(fēng)力發(fā)電越來越 受歡迎。 從全球風(fēng)能委員會(huì)（ GWEC）的報(bào)告中，擁有最高裝機(jī)容量總數(shù)的國家是德國（ 20621兆瓦），西班牙（ 11615兆瓦），美國（ 11603兆瓦），印度（ 6270兆瓦）和丹麥（ 3136 兆瓦）。這給中國帶來多達(dá) 2604兆瓦的 電能，使中國成為世界第六 大的市場。 由于時(shí)間和高度的影響 ，風(fēng)速不斷變化。大量風(fēng)速測量表明，風(fēng)速在一年中大多數(shù)是柔和的，介于 0和 25米 /秒的概率是相當(dāng)大的；年均風(fēng)速受制于威布爾分布 [5]，如公式（ 1）。由于為了捕獲更多的風(fēng)能能源，許多風(fēng)電場建成遠(yuǎn)離負(fù)荷中心，總有傳輸風(fēng)力發(fā)電一些的障礙。 （ 2）電壓調(diào)節(jié) 一旦風(fēng)電場已經(jīng)確定了 地點(diǎn)，連接到電網(wǎng)的點(diǎn) 也 必須確定。 對于目前的風(fēng)力發(fā)電場，當(dāng)發(fā)生干擾時(shí)，保護(hù)操作通常是切斷風(fēng)電場 與電網(wǎng)之間的連接。電壓穩(wěn)定也與短路容量相關(guān)，傳輸?shù)?PCC行比 R / X和在風(fēng)力發(fā)電場 使用的無功補(bǔ)償方法有關(guān)。平均發(fā)電量，湍流強(qiáng)度及風(fēng)切變與氣象和地理?xiàng)l件因素相 關(guān)。 （ 5）短路容量。將 風(fēng)電場大量的個(gè)別單位連接在一起，總代能力將大大上升。 電流在風(fēng)電場和電 網(wǎng)之間的流動(dòng)是雙向的，這是在保護(hù)的設(shè)計(jì)和配置應(yīng)予以考慮的。同時(shí)，如在風(fēng)場安裝輔助設(shè)備 SVC和儲(chǔ)能裝置也可以減輕電壓波動(dòng)和閃爍。 距今 25年，風(fēng)能已經(jīng)經(jīng)過很長的時(shí)間，它很可能會(huì)在未來 20年繼續(xù)推進(jìn)。 their probabilities between 0 and 25m/s are considerable。 this could result in an increased requirement for reactive power ancillary services to manage voltage control [8]. （ 3） System Stability. In the power system with high wind power peration, the transient stability, voltage stability and frequency stability are all influenced by the wind power integration not only because the injection of wind power will change the power flow distribution, transferred power of each transmission line and total inertia of the whole power system, but also because the wind turbine generators perform differently in either steadystate or transientstate pared with the conventional synchronous machine[9]. For current operation of wind farms, protections usually cut off the connections between wind farms and the grid when great disturbances occur. This is equivalent to arouse new generators tripping disturbance after the great disturbances. So the transient stability in such moment is very 沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文外文翻譯 crucial, especially when largescale wind farms are integrated. Compared the variablespeed wind turbine based on the doublyfed induction generator (DFIG) with the fixedspeed wind turbine based on the induction motor, the former is more robust after shortcircuit failures and can strengthen system stability with keeping enough stability margin. However, wind power integration may also make the system transient stability worse due to the grid structure. Therefore, transient stabilities of different power systems should be analyzed respectively. The fixedspeed wind turbine absorbs the reactive power when outputting the active power. The whole demand of a wind farm for the reactive power is considerable, which lead to the decrease of the voltage stability in the area near PCC. On the contrary, the variablespeed wind turbine based on DFIG has certain ability to control the reactive power. According to different operation and control schemes, this wind turbine can absorb or output the reactive power to control the voltage, which benefits the voltage stability. The voltage stability is also related with the shortcircuit capacity of PCC, transmission line ratios of R/X and reactive pensation methods utilized of wind farms. （ 4） Power Quality. Fluctuations in the wind power and the associated power transport (AC or DC), have direct consequences to the power supply quality. As a result, large voltage fluctuations may result in voltage variations outside the regulation limits, as well as violations on flicker and other power quality standards. During the continuous operation and switching operation, wind turbine causes voltage fluctuation and flicker, which are main concerns of unfavorable influence of wind power generation on power quality of the grid. For wind turbine of variablespeed and constantfrequency, harmonic issue caused by converters should also be considered. The grid interferences of wind turbines or wind farms have different causes, which are mostly turbinespecific. The relevant parameters are listed in [10]. Average power production, turbulence intensity and wind shear refer to causes that are determined by meteorological and geographical conditions. All the other causes are attributed not only by the characteristics of the electrical ponents, such as generators, transformers and so on, but also by the aerodynamic and mechanical behavior of the rotor and drive train. The turbine type (. variable versus fixed speed stall versus pitchregulated) is of major importance to the power quality characteristics of wind 風(fēng)力發(fā)電對電力系統(tǒng)的影響 turbines and wind farms. Tab. 1 Crid interferences caused by wind turbines and wind farms Flicker is caused by the fluctuation of active and/or reactive power of wind turbines. The main reason for flicker in fixedspeed wind turbines is the wake of the tower while for variablespeed wind turbines, fast power fluctuations are smoothed and the wake of the tower does not affect power output. Therefore, the flicker of variablespeed wind turbines is in general lower than the flicker of fixedspeed wind turbines. In wind farms, power fluctuations are smoothed because of the fact wind turbines are correlated. （ 5） ShortCircuit Capacity. The majority of the wind power farms tend to be constructed remote from the load center, which means that electrical distance between them and the other part of the power system is rather long. There is a mon sense that long electrical distance make