【正文】
speed zone will make the relay operate in intermediate time, that an arc within the intermediate zone will make the relay operate in backup time, or that an arc within the backup zone will prevent relay operation pletely. In other words, the effect of an arc may be to cause a distance relay to underreach. For an arc just short of the end of the first or highspeed zone, it is the initial characteristic of the arc that concerns us. A distance relay39。s firstzone unit is so fast that, if the impedance is such that the unit can operate immediately when the arc is struck, it will do so before the arc can stretch appreciably and thereby increase its 外文翻譯 7 resistance. Therefore, we can calculate the arc characteristic for a length equal to the distance between conductors for phasetophase faults, or across an insulator string for phasetoground faults. On the other hand, for arcs in the intermediatetime or backup zones, the effect of wind stretching the arc should be considered, and then the operating time for which the relay is adjusted has an important bearing on the oute. Tending to offset the longer time an arc has to stretch in the wind when it is in the intermediate or backup zones is the fact that, the farther an arcing fault is from a relay, the less will its effect be on the relay39。 距離保護(hù)比電流保護(hù)更 好,因?yàn)?距離保護(hù)受短路電流大小變化的 影響比電流保護(hù)小的多,因此,距離保護(hù)受電力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行方式的影響非常小。 電阻 型繼電器最適合用于 可能發(fā)生嚴(yán)重的同步震蕩的 長(zhǎng)線路的相間短路保護(hù)。 各種類型的距離繼電器在它們最適用的線路 長(zhǎng)度范圍上沒(méi)有嚴(yán)格的劃分,實(shí)際上,這些區(qū)域存在著許多重疊。精確的數(shù)據(jù)在電力系統(tǒng)分析書(shū)中是可 以找到的 。 通常第 II 段的保護(hù)區(qū)應(yīng)至少達(dá)到相鄰線路 段 的20%; 延伸到相鄰線路的范圍越大, 用 這個(gè) II 段保護(hù)元件 選擇的 在下一級(jí)線路 III 段保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)能被允許的誤差越多。這 個(gè) 第二段的動(dòng)作時(shí)間通常大約為 。 距離 繼電器第一段區(qū)動(dòng)作是那樣快速,以至于,如果在這種情況阻抗遭電弧襲擊 時(shí),保護(hù)區(qū)將會(huì)在電弧略微伸展進(jìn)而增加其阻抗之前動(dòng)作。電抗型或改良阻抗型距離繼電器 在使 第二段保護(hù)區(qū)保護(hù)范圍的 縮小程度最小方面 也是非常有用的。 大量重要的實(shí)踐表明,正如上面的公式所示那樣,電弧阻抗的表現(xiàn)值比它實(shí)際的大,而且它的值可能非常 高。然而,它 的出現(xiàn) 對(duì) 于保護(hù)的影響 將不會(huì)再擴(kuò)大,因?yàn)殡娏?I2將變?yōu)榱?。它也能通過(guò)使第二段保護(hù)區(qū)盡可能延伸來(lái)促進(jìn)這種情況,以便在電 弧的影響下容許一個(gè)特定的保護(hù)范圍。另一方面, 對(duì)于在第二動(dòng)作時(shí)間或后備保護(hù)區(qū)的電弧,應(yīng)該考慮 電弧 輻射 的影響,再者,繼電器整定的動(dòng)作時(shí)間在結(jié)果上也是一個(gè)重要的方面。第 三段的動(dòng)作 延 時(shí) 通常大約為 到 。 瞬時(shí) 過(guò)保護(hù) 現(xiàn)象 不需要 考慮繼電器有較高的復(fù)位率,因?yàn)?造成過(guò)保護(hù) 的瞬時(shí)現(xiàn)象將在第二段保護(hù)跳閘之 前 終止。例如,對(duì)于一條 50 英里長(zhǎng) 、輸電電壓為 138KV 的線路配置 變比為 600/ Y 型連接的 CT 時(shí),二次的正序阻抗值為 : 在實(shí)際中常整定 距離保護(hù) 第 I 段的 保護(hù)范圍為雙端線路長(zhǎng)度 的 80%?90%,或?yàn)槎喽?網(wǎng)絡(luò)中 最近 兩端 距離的 80%?90%。 因此,應(yīng)該 了解 距離保護(hù)所有的性能,選用最適合各自 需要 的繼電器類型。 當(dāng) 電阻型保護(hù)適合 保護(hù)任何給定的線路段時(shí),它的動(dòng)作特性曲線在 RX圖表中的區(qū)域最小,這意味著它 受其他 異常 系統(tǒng)情況的影響比受線路故障的影響??;換句話說(shuō), 在所有的距離保護(hù)中它最具有選擇性。 一、 全阻抗 繼電器 、電抗 繼電器 和電阻 繼電器 的選擇 因?yàn)榻拥仉娮枋强勺兊模?而 接地 距離 繼電器 必須幾乎不受短路電阻大的變化的影響。 of course, they too will be affected by the arc, but not so much. Reactancetype or modifiedimpendancetype distance relays are useful here also for assuring the minimum reduction in secondzone reach. Figure 5 shows how an impedance or mho characteristic can be offset to minimize its susceptibility to an arc. One can also help the situation by making the secondzone reach as long as possible so that a certain amount of reach reduction by an arc is permissible. Conventional relays do not use the reactance unit for the backup zone。 in other words, it is the most selective of all distance relays. Because the mho relay is affected by arc resistance more than any other type, it is applied to longer lines. The fact that it bines both the directional and the distancemeasuring functions in one unit with one contact makes it very reliable. The impedance relay is better suited for phasefault relaying for lines of moderate length than for either very short or very long lines. Arcs affect an impedance relay more than a reactance relay but less than a mho relay. Synchronizingpower surges affect an impedance relay less than a reactance relay but more than a mho relay. If an impedancerelay characteristic is offset, so as to make it a modified relay, it can be made to resemble eith