【正文】 為 600 億美元，日、美等工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過(guò)機(jī)床工業(yè)，從 1997 年開(kāi)始，我國(guó)模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過(guò)了機(jī)床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。 采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、成本低、節(jié)約能源和原材料等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)， 用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比擬的。 1997年以來(lái)，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了《當(dāng)前國(guó)家重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)發(fā)展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄》和《鼓勵(lì)外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄》。 2 模具的歷史發(fā)展 模具的出現(xiàn)可以追溯到幾千年前的陶器和青銅器鑄造，但其大規(guī)模使用卻是隨著現(xiàn)代工業(yè)的掘起而發(fā)展起來(lái)的。 進(jìn)入 70 年代向高速化、啟動(dòng)化、精密化、安全化發(fā)展的第二階段。依靠普通加工設(shè)備，憑經(jīng)驗(yàn)和手藝越來(lái)越不能滿足模具生產(chǎn)的需要。因?yàn)槟＞邩?gòu)成元件也干差萬(wàn)別，要搞出一個(gè)能適應(yīng)各種零件的設(shè)計(jì)軟件幾乎不可能。模具行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、投資密集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術(shù)管理水平都比較低。 我國(guó)沖壓模大多為簡(jiǎn)單模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位級(jí)進(jìn)模還為數(shù)不多， 模具平均壽命不足 100 萬(wàn)次，模具最高壽命達(dá)到 1 億次以上，精度達(dá)到 3～ 5um，有 50 個(gè)以上的級(jí)進(jìn)工位，與國(guó)際上最高模具壽命 6 億次，平均模具壽命 5000 萬(wàn)次相比，處于 80 年代中期國(guó)際先進(jìn)水平。在應(yīng)用 CAD 技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)模具方面，僅有約10%的模具在設(shè)計(jì)中采用了 CAD，距拋開(kāi)繪圖板還有漫長(zhǎng)的一段路要走；在應(yīng)用CAE 進(jìn)行模具方案設(shè)計(jì)和分析計(jì)算方面，也才剛剛起步，大多還處于試用和動(dòng)畫(huà)游戲階段；在應(yīng)用 CAM 技術(shù)制造模具方面，一是缺乏先進(jìn)適用的制造裝備，二是現(xiàn)有的工藝設(shè)備（包括近 10 多年來(lái)引進(jìn)的先進(jìn)設(shè)備）或因計(jì)算機(jī)制式（ IBM 微機(jī)及其兼容機(jī)、 HP 工作站等）不同，或因字節(jié)差異、運(yùn)算速度差異、抗電磁干擾能力差異等，聯(lián)網(wǎng)率較低，只有 5%左右的模具制造設(shè)備近年來(lái)才開(kāi)展這項(xiàng)工作；在應(yīng)用 CAPP 技術(shù)進(jìn)行工藝規(guī)劃方面，基本上處于空白狀態(tài)，需要進(jìn)行大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化基 6 礎(chǔ)工作；在模具共性工藝技術(shù)，如模具快速成型技術(shù)、拋光技術(shù)、電鑄成型技術(shù)、表 面處理技術(shù)等方面的 CAD/CAM 技術(shù)應(yīng)用在我國(guó)才剛起步。近年來(lái)人才外流不僅造成人才數(shù)量與素質(zhì)水平下降，而且人才結(jié)構(gòu)也出現(xiàn)了新的斷層，青黃不接，使得模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造的技術(shù)水平難以提高。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凸凹模、熱流道元件等剛剛開(kāi)始供應(yīng)， 模架及零件生產(chǎn)供應(yīng)渠道不暢，精度和質(zhì)量也較差。包括產(chǎn)品廠的模具車間、分廠在內(nèi)，技術(shù)改造后不能很快收回其投資，甚至負(fù)債累累，影響發(fā)展。國(guó)內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限元分析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM 系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件有限公司的 CAXA 系列軟件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模 CAD/CAE/CAM 系統(tǒng)等。如 Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對(duì)應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動(dòng)產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供 NC 加工的鉆孔表格，并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗(yàn)等?；羝丈?TALYSCAN150 多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價(jià)化和功能復(fù)合化等特點(diǎn)。意大利 RAMBAUDI 公司的高速銑床，其加工范圍達(dá)2500mm5000mm1800mm，轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá) 20500r/min，切削進(jìn)給速度達(dá) 20m/min。 (3)澆鑄成形制模技術(shù)。如采用氮?dú)鈴椈蓧哼叀⑿读?、快速換模技術(shù)、沖壓?jiǎn)卧M合技術(shù)、刃口堆焊技術(shù)及實(shí)型鑄造沖模刃口鑲塊技術(shù)等。另一方面，隨著先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和模具行業(yè)整體水平的提高，在模具行業(yè)出 現(xiàn)了一些新的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、管理理念與模式。s, the United States, Japan and other industrialized countries die industry output value has exceeded the machine tool industry, and there are still rising. Production technology, according to the International Association predicts that in 2021, the product best pieces of rough 75%, 50% will be finished mold pleted。s CDM system for progressive die design and manufacturing, including the importation of parts of the figure, rough start, strip layout, determine the size and standard templates, assembly drawing and parts, the output NC program (for CNC machining Center and line cutting program), etc., used in 20% of the time by hand, reduce their working hours to 35 hours。s advanced industrial countries and regions, the proportion of plastic forming die die general of the total output value 40%. Most of our stamping die mold for the simple, singleprocess mode and meet the molds, precision die, precision multiposition progressive die is also one of the few, die less than 100 million times the average life of the mold reached 100 million times the maximum life of more than accuracy 3 ~ 5um, more than 50 progressive station, and the international life of the die 600 million times the highest average life of the die 50 million times pared to the mid 80s at the international advanced level. China39。 and staff employed after 80 years, expertise, experience lack of handson ability, not ease, do not want to learn technology. In recent years, the brain drain caused by personnel not only 21 decrease the quantity and quality levels, and personnel structure of the emergence of new faults, lean, make mold design, manufacturing difficult to raise the technical level. mold industry supporting materials, standard parts of present condition Over the past 10 years, especially the Eighth FiveYear, the State anization of the ministries have repeatedly Material Research Institute, universities and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other moldspecific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of massproduced steel supply and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much current. Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication technology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other antifatigue and anticorrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards mercialization. Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property. China39。 Mould Industry Association, overall planning, focus on research, crosssectoral, interdepartmental management difficulties are many. Mold is suitable for small and medium enterprises anize production, and our technical transformation investment tilted to large and medium enterprises, small and medium enterprise investment mold can not be guaranteed. Including product factory mold shop, factory, including, after the transformation can not quickly recover its investment, or debtladen, affecting development. Although most products factory mold shop, factory technical force is strong, good equipment conditions, the production of mold levels higher, but equipment utilization rate. Price has long been China39。 Mould Industry Structure in Industrial Organization China39。s mold industry currently uneven, with wide disparities. Generally speaking, with the developed industrial countries, Hong Kong and Taiwan advanc