【正文】 lementation to long term support. Special requirements on safety issues or a lack of manpower might turn the scale mercial. The necessity to interface special hardware, special timing requirements, the ?having the code in my hands? argument or the initial costs for mercial solutions will turn the scale collaborative. As long as collaborative approaches like EPICS stay up to date and run as stable and robust as mercial solutions, both will keep their position in the controls world in a plementary symbiosis. 外文翻譯譯文 工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)和協(xié)同控制系統(tǒng) 當今的控制系統(tǒng)被廣泛運用于許多領域。而且，實踐表明，經(jīng)濟和社會因素也對此很重要。 引言： 80 年代早期，隨著為 HERA(HadronElektronRingAnlage)加速器安裝低溫控制系統(tǒng)，德國電子同步加速器研究所普遍開始研究過程控制。 由于對它的應用相當成功，其還被運用于正在尋找一個通用的解決方案以監(jiān)督他們的分布式 PLC 的公共事業(yè)管理。該項目包括安裝功能的完全更換。每個數(shù)字和模擬輸入和輸出通道在 D / 3 系統(tǒng)里的自身報警限值也被低估了。 現(xiàn)有的系統(tǒng)是由 H1 合作組的幾名成員開發(fā)的，而現(xiàn)在卻難以維持了。 SCADA 系 統(tǒng)的一個主要缺點是其中的兩個數(shù)據(jù)庫，一個為 PLC’ s 服務，另一個為 SCADA 系統(tǒng)服務，這兩個數(shù)據(jù)庫必須維持。 IOC 向客戶提供接口并采集數(shù)據(jù)。 IOC 提供所有功能 DCS 系統(tǒng)要求，如：實施每個記錄的標準的屬性；執(zhí)行每個記錄時的報警檢查過程；控制記錄，如 PID。 PLC’ s 對于分布式 I / O 已不再重要。例如確定通信協(xié)議和最后在顯示、報警和歸檔方案，一個控件的所有屬性像 P， I 和 D 參數(shù)，還有報警限制及其他附加的屬性必須得到解決。國家機器的基本功能在 IEC 61131 中得到了落實。這種功能的基本條件是強調操作系統(tǒng)。配置特定驅動器和數(shù)據(jù)轉換器的集成硬件在商業(yè)環(huán)境中是一個難點。 頻率 /國家計劃 在控制系統(tǒng)中，頻率程序可以運行任何處理器。在這里，我們試圖總結不同控制方法的基本功能。 PLC’ s： PLC’ s 同樣提供豐富的功能，因為以前它是獨一無二的控制系統(tǒng)。所有的配置文件（圖形工具，報警處理程序和歸檔）提供了一種靈活的配置方案。此外，通過 Industry Pack（ IP）模塊的手段，它還能運用于通過 VME 板卡的任何數(shù)據(jù)。它收集的數(shù)據(jù)主要是由 I/ O 設備提供。升級的 D / 3 系統(tǒng)是唯一可能的解決辦法。在供應商網(wǎng)站上的最后驗收測試又出現(xiàn)了戲劇性的性能問題。制約系統(tǒng)的大小的因素不是 I / O 的總數(shù)，通信網(wǎng)絡的暢通與否。 有必要增加接口解決總線問題并增加運算能力，以便于低溫控制。能夠親自接觸源碼并可以更快速地解決問題是家庭控制系統(tǒng)的要求。 control records like PID etc.。任何決定都有它的優(yōu)缺點。這項新技術是必需的，因為但是現(xiàn)有的硬件沒有能力來處理標準過程控制信號，如 4 至 20 毫安的電流輸入和輸出信號。 德國電子同步加速器研究所對 過程管理系統(tǒng)的篩選 集散控制系統(tǒng)（ D/ 3）： 市場調查表明：來自 GSE 的 D / 3 系統(tǒng)被 HERA 低溫冷藏工廠選中。這包括 D / 3，以及德國電子同步加速器研究所的集成總線 SEDAC 和 VME 的溫度轉換器。所有的附加功能都必須添加進去。在 CERN 由聯(lián)合控制項目 [4]進行的廣泛調查促使他們做出 使用 PVSS 作為代替品的決定。集成環(huán)境將努力克服這個限制。此外，如通道歸檔和圖形顯示（ dm2k） 會 被使用。靈活的命名方案，默認的顯示和每個記錄的報警屬性緩和了運作工具和 IOC 之間的連接。 PLC’ s 和智能 I / O 子系統(tǒng)的差別正在消失。另外，這些嵌入式屬性修改是很難尋覓，因為其中涉及兩個或兩個以上軌道系統(tǒng)這可能是一個有力的論據(jù)是，為什么控制回路主要實施在 IOC 層面，而不是 PLC’ s 層 面。編碼發(fā)電機可以產生 C 代碼。在這種情況下， OPC 更趨向于微軟的 DCOM 標準。所有 SCADA 系 統(tǒng)在市場商業(yè)運作中是可行的。對顯示和控件的屬性的支持是必不可少的。但是，在極少數(shù)情況下，只通過商業(yè)的立場時難以回答的。后者大大降低了信息擁堵的情況 。所有這些都是基本的 SCADA功能。從成為低溫控制系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)收集器和數(shù)量控制器， EPICS 成為了德國電子同步加速器研究所公用事業(yè)集團使用的核心系統(tǒng)。其核心元素叫做事件管理器。 最后，與 Orsi 公司的合同被取消了。但是因為 HERA 試驗原定時間是有限制的，所以技術問題和組織問題也迫使計劃提前。在展示端和 I / O 端擴展此系統(tǒng)的可能將有助于解決日益增加的 HERA 試驗控制的要求。此外，在實現(xiàn)對復雜的低溫 冷藏系統(tǒng)的開閉過程中，頻率項目顯得尤為重要。經(jīng)濟因素使決定趨向于協(xié)同工具。 INDUSTRIAL AND COLLABORATIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS A COMPLEMENTARY SYMBIOSIS – Looking at today?s control system one can find a wide variety of implementations. From pure industrial to collaborative control system (CCS) tool kits to home grown systems and any variation inbetween. Decisions on the type of implementation should be driven by technical arguments Reality shows that financial and sociological reasons form the plete picture. Any decision has it?s advantages and it?s drawbacks. Reliability, good documentation and support are arguments for industrial controls. Financial arguments drive decisions towards collaborative tools. Keeping the hands on the source code and being able to solve problems on your own and faster than industry are the argument for home grown solutions or open source solutions. The experience of many years of operations shows that which solution is the primary one does not matter, there are always areas where at least part of the other implementations exist. As a result heterogeneous systems have to be maintained. The support for different protocols is essential. This paper describes our experience with industrial control systems, PLC controlled turn key systems, the CCS tool kit EPICS and the operability between all of them. INTRODUCTION Process controls in general started at DESY in the early 80th with the installation of the cryogenic control system for the accelerator HERA (HadronElektronRingAnlage). A new technology was necessary because the existing hardware was not capable to handle standard process controls signals like 4 to 20mA input and output signals and the software was not designed to run PID control loops at a stable repetition rate of seconds. In addition sequence programs were necessary to implement startup and shutdown procedures for the plex cryogenic processes like cold boxes and pete pressor streets. Soon it was necessary to add interfaces to field buses and to add puting power to cryogenic controls. Since the installed D/3 system[1] only provided an documented serial connection on a multibus board, the decision was made to implement a DMA connection to VME and to emulate the multibus board?s functionality. The necessary puting power for temperature conversions came from a Motorola MVME 167 CPU and the field bus adapter to the in house SEDAC field bus was running on an additional MVME 162. The operating system was VxWorks and the application was the EPICS toolkit. Since this implementation was successful it was also implemented for the utility controls which were looking for a generic solution to supervise their distributed PLC?s. A SELECTION OF PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS AT DESY DCS (D/3) As a result of a market survey the D/3 system from GSE was selected for the HERA cryogenic plant. The decision was fortunate because of the DCS character of the D/3. The possibility to expand the system on the display and on the I/O side helped to solve the increasing control demands for HERA. The limiting factor for the size of the system is not the total number of I/O but the traffic on the munication work. This traffic is determined by the total amount of archived data not by the data configured in the alarm system. The technical background of this limitation is the fact that archived data are polled from the display servers whereas the alarms are pushed to c