【正文】 ly for a SCADA system – was also driving the work to it?s limits. Finally the contract with Orsi was cancelled and an upgrade of the D/3 system was the only possible solution. It was finally carried out in march 2021. In any case it should be mentioned that the Cube approach had the advantage of a homogeneous configuration environment (for the Cube front end controllers) – pared with heterogeneous environments for ?pure? SCADA systems. SCADA (PVSSII) The H1 experiment at the HERA accelerator decided to use PVSSII for an upgrade of their slow control systems[3]. The existing systems were developed by several members of the H1 collaboration and were difficult to maintain. The decision to use PVSS as a replacement was driven by the results of an extensive survey carried out at CERN by the Joint Controls Project [4]. PVSS is a ?pure? Supervisory And Data Acquisition System (SCADA). It provides a set of drivers for several field buses and generic socket libraries to implement munication over TCP/IP. The core element is the so called event manager. It collects the data (mostly by polling) from the I/O devices and provides an event service to the attached management services like: control manager, database manager, user interface, API manager and the built in HTTP server. The PVSS scripting library allows to implement plex sequences as well as plex graphics. Compared with other SCADA systems PVSS es with one basic feature: it provides a true object oriented API to the device?s data. One major disadvantage of SCADA systems is the fact that two databases, the one for the PLC and the one for the SCADA system must be maintained. Integrated environments try to overe this restriction. EPICS EPICS has emerged at DESY from a problem solver to a fully integrated control system. Starting from the data collector and number cruncher for the cryogenic control system, EPICS made it?s way to bee the core application for the DESY utility group. In addition it is used wherever data is available through VME boards or by means of Industry Pack (IP) modules. For those cryogenic systems which are not controlled by the D/3 system EPICS is used with it?s plete functionality. In total about 50 Input Output Controller (IOC) are operational processing about 25 thousand records. 1 EPICS as a SCADA System The utility group ( water, electrical power, pressed air, heating and air conditioning) is using a variety of PLC?s spread out over the whole DESY site. EPICS is used to collect the data from these PLC?s over Profibus (FMS and DP) and over Ether (Siemens H1 and TCP). The IOC?s provide the interfaces to the buses and collect the data. The built in alarm checking of the EPICS records is used to store and forward alarm states to the alarm handler (alh) of the EPICS toolkit. In addition tools like the channel archiver and the graphic display (dm2k) are used. The default name resolution (by UDP broadcast) and the directory server (name server) are used to connect client and server applications over TCP. All of these are basically SCADA functions. The textual representation of all configuration files ( for the IOC, the graphic tool, the alarm handler and the archiver) provides a flexible configuration scheme. At DESY the utility group has developed a set of tools to create IOC databases and alarm configuration files from Oracle. This way the controls group provides the service to maintain the EPICS tools and the IOC?s while the users can concentrate on the equipment being controlled. 2 EPICS as a DCS System Besides the basic ponents of a SCADA system EPICS also provides a full flavoured Input Output Controller (IOC). The IOC provides all of the function a DCS system requires, such as: a standard set of properties implemented in each record, built in alarm checking processed during the execution of each record。 control records like PID etc.。 從單純的工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)到協(xié)同控制系統(tǒng)（ CCS），控制系統(tǒng)不停變化，不斷升級，現(xiàn)在則趨向于家庭控制系統(tǒng)，而它則是這兩者的變種。而且，實踐表明，經(jīng)濟和社會因素也對此很重要。工業(yè)控制要求可靠性，完整的文獻記載和技術(shù)支持。能夠親自接觸源碼并可以更快速地解決問題是家庭控制系統(tǒng)的要求。由 于異類系統(tǒng)的存在，針對不同協(xié)議的支持也是至關(guān)重要的。 引言： 80 年代早期，隨著為 HERA(HadronElektronRingAnlage)加速器安裝低溫控制系統(tǒng)，德國電子同步加速器研究所普遍開始研究過程控制。而且軟件無法在 秒的穩(wěn)定重復(fù)率下運行 PID 控制回路。 有必要增加接口解決總線問題并增加運算能力，以便于低溫控制。溫度轉(zhuǎn)換器的計算功能來自一個摩托羅拉 MVME 167 CPU 和總線適配器，以及一個 MVME 162 CPU。 由于對它的應(yīng)用相當(dāng)成功，其還被運用于正在尋找一個通用的解決方案以監(jiān)督他們的分布式 PLC 的公共事業(yè)管理。因為集散控制系統(tǒng)（ D/ 3）的特性，所以這決定很不錯。制約系統(tǒng)的大小的因素不是 I / O 的總數(shù)，通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的暢通與否。 擁有 DCS 特點（ Cube）的 SCADA 系統(tǒng)： 相對于 Y2K 問題促使我們尋找一個升級版或者代替版來代替現(xiàn)有的系統(tǒng)而言，以上提到的 D / 3 系統(tǒng)有一些硬編碼的限制。該項目包括安裝功能的完全更換。該項目很有前景。在供應(yīng)商網(wǎng)站上的最后驗收測試又出現(xiàn)了戲劇性的性能問題。第一個跟低估在 1 赫茲運行的 6 級溫度轉(zhuǎn)換器的 CPU 負荷有關(guān)。每個數(shù)字和模擬輸入和輸出通道在 D / 3 系統(tǒng)里的自身報警限值也被低估了。最后，所有網(wǎng)絡(luò)負載的報警限值，尤其是 SCADA系統(tǒng)，也促使網(wǎng)絡(luò)生成了限制。升級的 D / 3 系統(tǒng)是唯一可能的解決辦法。 現(xiàn)在，相比“純粹” SCADA 系統(tǒng)的異質(zhì)環(huán)境， Cube 有同質(zhì)配置環(huán)境的優(yōu)勢。 現(xiàn)有的系統(tǒng)是由 H1 合作組的幾名成員開發(fā)的，而現(xiàn)在卻難以維持了。 PVSS 是一個“純粹”的監(jiān)控和數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)（ SCADA 系統(tǒng)）。它收集的數(shù)據(jù)主要是由 I/ O 設(shè)備提供。該 PVSS 腳本庫允許執(zhí)行復(fù)雜的序列以及復(fù)雜的圖形。 SCADA 系 統(tǒng)的一個主要缺點是其中的兩個數(shù)據(jù)庫，一個為 PLC’ s 服務(wù)，另一個為 SCADA 系統(tǒng)服務(wù)，這兩個數(shù)據(jù)庫必須維持。 EPICS： 在德國電子同步加速器研究所， EPICS 從問題解決系統(tǒng)演化成了全集成控制系統(tǒng)。此外，通過 Industry Pack（ IP）模塊的手段，它還能運用于通過 VME 板卡的任何數(shù)據(jù)。 所有大約 50 個輸入輸出控制器運作大約 25000 業(yè)務(wù)處理記錄。 IOC 向客戶提供接口并采集數(shù)據(jù)。默認名決議和目錄服務(wù)器（域名服務(wù)器）用于連接 在 TCP 客戶端和服務(wù)器應(yīng)用程序。所有的配置文件（圖形工具，報警處理程序和歸檔）提供了一種靈活的配置方案。這樣，控制組提供的服務(wù)保持 EPICS 工具，而用戶可以精力 集中在被控制的設(shè)備上了。 IOC 提供所有功能 DCS 系統(tǒng)要求，如：實施每個記錄的標準的屬性；執(zhí)行每個記錄時的報警檢查過程；控制記錄，如 PID。靈活的數(shù)據(jù)采集模式，支持調(diào)查模式以及發(fā)布訂閱模式。 PLC’ s： PLC’ s 同樣提供豐富的功能，因為以前它是獨一無二的控制系統(tǒng)。除了通信處理器，顯示器能和 PLC’ s 連接。 PLC’ s 對于分布式 I / O 已不再重要。 功能 持續(xù)不斷的問題，如為什么控制系統(tǒng)的加速器和其他高度專業(yè)化的設(shè)備聯(lián) 合協(xié)同發(fā)展。在這里，我們試圖總結(jié)不同控制方法的基本功能。 PLC’ s 可用于實施控制功能的設(shè)備。例如確定通信協(xié)議和最后在顯示、報警和歸檔方案，一個控件的所有屬性像 P， I 和 D 參數(shù)，還有報警限制及其他附加的屬性必須得到解決。 I / O 和控制回路 復(fù)雜的控制算法和控制回路和域名 DCS 控制系統(tǒng)一樣。 頻率 /國家計劃 在控制系統(tǒng)中，頻率程序可以運行任何處理器。控制系統(tǒng)程序直接履行運行前端處理器的監(jiān)控。國家機器的基本功能在 IEC 61131 中得到了落實。 硬件支持 對現(xiàn)場總線和起源于 I / O 的 Ether 的支持是為 SCADA 系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的一個基本功能。配置特定驅(qū)動器和數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換器的集成硬件在商業(yè)環(huán)境中是一個難點。如果不向控制系統(tǒng)提供這些工具，就很難整合客戶硬件。這種功能的基本條件是強調(diào)操作系統(tǒng)?；诳刂葡到y(tǒng)的 UNIX 很難互相連