chap_17壟斷競爭(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理,曼昆,中英文雙語)-文庫吧在線文庫
【正文】 生產(chǎn)能力 和 價(jià)格加成。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 3. 壟斷競爭與完全競爭 產(chǎn)量 (a) 壟斷競爭企業(yè) (b) 完全競爭企業(yè) 產(chǎn)量 價(jià)格 P = MR (需求曲線 ) MC ATC 價(jià)格 需求 MC ATC 過剩生產(chǎn)能力 生產(chǎn)量 有效規(guī)模 P = MC 產(chǎn)量 = 有效規(guī)模產(chǎn)量 P Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Monopolistic Competition and the Welfare of Society 壟斷競爭與社會福利 Monopolistic petition does not have all the desirable properties of perfect petition. 壟斷競爭不具有完全競爭所具有的令人合意的特性。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Advertising ?Firms that sell highly differentiated consumer goods typically spend between 10 and 20 percent of revenue on advertising. ?Overall, about 2 percent of total revenue, or over $100 billion a year, is spent on advertising. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Advertising ?Defenders argue that advertising provides information to consumers ?They also argue that advertising increases petition by offering a greater variety of products and prices. ?The willingness of a firm to spend advertising dollars can be a signal to consumers about the quality of the product being offered. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 品牌 ?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對品牌的辯護(hù)是認(rèn)為品牌是消費(fèi)者保證他們購買的物品具有高質(zhì)量的一種有用方法。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?Monopolistic petition does not have all of the desirable properties of perfect petition. ?There is a standard deadweight loss of monopoly caused by the markup of price over marginal cost. ?The number of firms can be too large or too small. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?廣告與品牌的辯護(hù)者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)用這些方法向消費(fèi)者提供了信息，并使價(jià)格和產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的競爭更為激烈。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Summary ?A monopolistically petitive market is characterized by three attributes: many firms, differentiated products, and free entry. ?The equilibrium in a monopolistically petitive market differs from perfect petition in that each firm has excess capacity and each firm charges a price above marginal cost. Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Advertising 廣告 ? Critics of advertising argue that firms advertise in order to manipulate people’s tastes. 廣告的批評者認(rèn)為，企業(yè)做廣告是為了操縱人們的嗜好。 ?搶走業(yè)務(wù)的外部性 : ?由于其它企業(yè)從與新進(jìn)入者的競爭者中失去顧客和利潤， 所以存在與進(jìn)入相關(guān)的負(fù)外部性。 ?但是，管制所有生產(chǎn)差異產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)的管理負(fù)擔(dān)將是巨大的。 ?因?yàn)閴艛喔偁幤髽I(yè)的價(jià)格高于其邊際成本，以牌價(jià)多銷售出一個(gè)單位產(chǎn)品就意味著利潤多了。 ?競爭市場上的自由進(jìn)入使企業(yè)生產(chǎn)平均總成本最小的產(chǎn)量，即企業(yè)的有效規(guī)模產(chǎn)量。 ?正如在競爭市場上一樣，價(jià)格等于平均總成本。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 1. 短期中的壟斷競爭企業(yè) 產(chǎn)量 0 價(jià)格 需求 MR 虧損 (b) 企業(yè)虧損 MC ATC 平均 總成本 利潤最小化產(chǎn)量 價(jià)格 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. 圖 1. 短期中的壟斷競爭企業(yè) (a) 企業(yè)有利潤 產(chǎn)量 0 價(jià)格 需求 MR ATC 利潤 MC 利潤最大化產(chǎn)量 價(jià)格 平均 總成本 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 ?寡頭 ?只有很少賣者，出售相似或相同的產(chǎn)品。Monopolistic Competition 壟斷競爭 Chapter 17 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 169。 2023 by Harcourt, Inc. Product Differentiation
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