完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)行為概述-文庫(kù)吧在線文庫(kù)
【正文】 ility of consumption. ? We know this to be true because from consumer theory, we know that consumers choose purchases up to the point where price equals marginal utility. ? Therefore, MU or P must equal MC. 65 62 眾多市場(chǎng)的均衡 ? Utilitymaximizing consumers spread their dollars among different goods until the marginal utility of the last dollar is equalized for each good consumed. ? Then the MUs, which are equal to the Ps, will be equal to the MCs. 65 63 邊際成本定價(jià)的中心作用 ? Only when prices are equal to marginal costs is the economy squeezing (壓榨 ) the maximum output and satisfaction from its scarce resources (稀缺資源 ) of land, labor, and capital. ? Only when price is equal to marginal cost for all firms will society be on its productionpossibility frontier. 65 64 真實(shí)的世界 ? Perfect petition is rarely, if indeed ever, totally mirrored in reality. ? There are just too many restrictive assumptions to be met. ? When one or more of these assumptions fail, we get any one of a number of market failures ranging from imperfect petition (不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ) and externalities (外部性 ) to the public goods (公共物品 ) problem. 65 65 外部性問(wèn)題 ? Externalities include things like pollution (污染 ) and congestion (擁塞 ), and in the presence of externalities, government intervention (政府干預(yù) ) likewise (同樣地 ) may be warranted (使有正當(dāng)理由 ). 65 66 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的兩大優(yōu)點(diǎn) ? We’ve proven that a perfectly petitive market yields the most efficient use and allocation of resources – as embodied in productive and allocative efficiency. ? Yet still, there are several problems. 65 67 為什么研究完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ? ? Perfect petition gives us a benchmark (基準(zhǔn) ) against which to measure how our other three market structures perform: monopoly (壟斷 ), oligopoly (寡頭 ), and monopolistic petition (壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng) ). ? It also gives us appropriate guidance (指導(dǎo) ) as to when and how to intervene in the market to correct market failures as well as how to measure our success or failure at doing so. 65 68 公平問(wèn)題 ? 市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)果可以是有效率的，但未必是公平的。 MC = SS 65 56 眾多消費(fèi)者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Person A Person B Industry P* 65 57 需求曲線反映社會(huì)的利益 ? 需求曲線反映了消費(fèi)者的邊際效用。 65 28 零利潤(rùn)和停產(chǎn)價(jià)格 Quantity Price, AC, MC MC AC
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