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修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞用的,如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。具體地講,主要有下列六種句子成分:1)主語(subject)它是句子所要說明的人或事物,是一句的主體。8)介詞(preposition,縮寫為prep.)表示名詞(或代詞)與句子里其它詞的關(guān)系,如from(從),in(在…內(nèi)),between(在…之間)。詞類(parts of speech) 英語的詞通常分為十大類:1)名詞(noun,縮寫為n.)是人和事物的名稱,如pen(鋼筆),English(英語),life(生活)。但是,請不要忽視語法的作用,特別是在閱讀和寫作中,他能幫助你分析清楚句子結(jié)構(gòu),準(zhǔn)確抓住句子的要點,更能幫你寫出復(fù)雜而優(yōu)美的長句。4)數(shù)詞(numeral,縮寫為num.)是表示多少和第幾的詞,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。oh(噢),aha(啊哈),hush(噓)。3)表語(predicative)它是放在連系動詞之后表示主語的身分或特征的,如I am a student(我是一個學(xué)生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我們的教室很干凈)中的clean。英語詞類的形式變化有:名詞和代詞的數(shù)、格和性的形式變化;動詞的人稱、時態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等形式變化;以及形容詞和副詞比較等級的形式變化。(形容詞easy和short作表語)That classroom is ours,那個教室是我們的。b)動名詞短語(gerundial phrase)如:Staying indoors all day is unhealthy(整天呆在家里不利于健康)中的staymg indoors all day。d)定語從句(attributive clause)如This is the thing I want to say(這就是我要說的)中的I want to say。s a long time since I saw you 。如:We go to school every 。如:The school library has many books on 。7)冠詞的位置 冠詞在名詞之前。如:Oh,it39。如:class 階級,班 herd 獸群crowd 人群 army 軍隊3)物質(zhì)名詞(material noun)物質(zhì)名詞表示物質(zhì)或不具備確定形狀和大小的個體的實物。但英語的名詞除所有格有形式的變化外,主格和賓格都沒有形式變化。s notebook小王的筆記本children39。+所有格形式,表示部分觀念或感情色彩。如:The dictionary is not mine, but Xiao Wang39。b) a用在輔音之前,an用在元音之前。601。c)在元音前讀[Ti],輔音前讀[TE]。s father is a 。A car stopped in front of the 。(以別于其他房子)The book on the desk is an English 。(雙方都知道指的是哪一個門)The Manager is in his 。如:The Chinese student of English is apt to make such 。如the Chinese Communist Party中國共產(chǎn)黨,the working class工人階級,the bourgeoisie資產(chǎn)階級,the Labour Party(英國)工黨7)定冠詞還可與某些形容詞連用,使形容詞名詞化,代表某一類人或物。斯諾。s Congress全國人民代表大會,the State Council國務(wù)院,the United Nations聯(lián)合國c)朝代、時代的名稱前:the Tang dynasty唐朝,the Warring States period戰(zhàn)國時代。如:The Lius have moved to ,The Greens came to China for a visit last 。The oil produced in Dagang is of firstrate 。如:Canada加拿大,Japanese日語,love愛,hatred恨,glass玻璃,water水。Her little daughter was born in April 。Books are my best 。8)球類運動、棋類游戲等名詞前不用冠詞。如:Letter from Beijing: Women in Capital Cotton Mill 《北京來信:首都棉紡廠的婦女》(文章標(biāo)題,letter之前省去了不定冠詞a。(作主語)Can I help you?我能幫你的忙嗎?(作賓語)That39。s一個人的。人稱代詞的用法1)人稱代詞主格的用法a)作主語I am a cook.(炊事員) We are cooks,You are a teacher.(教師) You are teachers.He is a barber.(理發(fā)員) The yare barbers.She is a nurse.(護(hù)士)The yare nurses.It is a cart.(大車) They are carts.b)作表語It39。2)人稱代詞賓格的用法a)作及物動詞的賓語The dog bit 。如:That39。s going to be another good harvest this 。t borrow her dictionary. I borrowed ,我借的是他的。(作look after的賓語)He was always ready to help others。相互代詞的用法1)作賓語。Students cut each other39。(作主語)Oh,it39。如:I had a bad cold. That39。(that代替climate)The county39。指示代詞it在漢語中不必譯出。[注] such作定語時,它所修飾的名詞之前如有不定冠詞,這個不定冠詞應(yīng)放在Such之后,如上面第一例。疑問代詞用于特殊疑問句中疑問代詞一般都放在句首,并在句中作為某一句子成分。)Do you know what his name is?你知道他叫什么名字嗎?(疑問代詞what引導(dǎo)一個賓語從句,而它本身又在從句中用作表語。這些名詞性從句也不是間接疑問句。這樣的代詞有關(guān)系代詞和疑問代詞兩種。(關(guān)系代詞that在從句中用作主語,先行詞為plane)不定代詞概說不是指明代替任何特定名詞(或形容詞)的代詞叫做不定代詞?,F(xiàn)在下課。(同位語)Are you any good at mathematics?你數(shù)學(xué)好嗎?(狀語)The meeting lasted some two 。(我有話要說。種類1)基數(shù)詞 表示多少的詞叫做基數(shù)詞(cardinal numeral),如:one (一),twenty(二十),hundred(百)等。2)十位數(shù)與百位數(shù)之間有and。(注)hundred(百),thousand(千)和million(百萬)作定語用時一律不用復(fù)數(shù);作名詞用(后面多跟of短語)時則用復(fù)數(shù)。2)有幾個序數(shù)詞加 th 時拼法不規(guī)則,它們是:fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth。3)定語China exploded its first atom bomb in October 。如:(in) January (in) April (in)February (in) May五月(in) March (in) June六月(in) July七月(in) October (in) August (in)December (in) September (in)November 3)日期 用序數(shù)詞(前面須用the)表示;在某日,前面用介詞on。如:eleven past seven七點過十一分a quarter past eight 八點一刻half past nine九點半b)表示幾點差幾分,用介詞to,但分?jǐn)?shù)須在半小時以上(不包括半小時在內(nèi))。3)賓語補足語 和賓語一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。形容詞的位置形容詞常放在它所修飾的名詞之前。形容詞的比較級形式是:形容詞 + 后綴 er 或單詞 more + 形容詞。如表并列關(guān)系,形容詞之間須用逗號或and。(the young作主語)The blind can learn to read with their fingertips. 盲人能夠用指尖學(xué)習(xí)閱讀書籍。如:a lovely baby一個可愛的嬰兒the beautiful picture那幅美麗的圖畫modern history現(xiàn)代歷史形容詞的用法形容詞在句中可用作:1)定語He is a good 。如:We get up at six (或at six o39。分?jǐn)?shù)和小數(shù)的讀法1)分?jǐn)?shù)(fraction)分子為基數(shù)詞,分母為序數(shù)詞并有復(fù)數(shù)。5)序數(shù)詞的縮寫形式,由阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)碼后加上序數(shù)詞的最后兩個字母構(gòu)成。Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the 。Three of them went to college last 。2) 2090第十位數(shù)的整數(shù)均以后綴ty[ti]結(jié)尾。is there anything important in today39。(作主語)I have got nothing to 。china will bee a powerful modern country in another twenty 。I am speaking for myself,not for ,不代表別人發(fā)言。(關(guān)系代詞who在從句中用作土語,它的先行詞是man)He is the rade whom you have been looking for他就是你要找的那位同志。)I39。它引導(dǎo)一個主語從句,這個從句不是間接疑問句。如:What do you usually have for lunch?你們午飯通常吃些什么?Which do you like best?你最喜歡哪一個?Which of you rades e from the Northeast? 你們同志們中間誰是東北人?疑問代詞可以引導(dǎo)一個間接疑問句間接疑問句在句中可用作主語、賓語、表語等。(作主語)Take from the drawer such as you ,就從抽屜里拿吧。s you,Lao ,是你呀,老王。如:The book is about this 。What I want to say is this:Pronunciation is very important in learning :語音在英語學(xué)習(xí)中非常重要。如:This is a sickle and that is an ,那是一把斧子。指示代詞概說表示這個、那個、這些、那些等指示概念的代詞叫做指示代詞。如:We are interested in one another39。如:You yourself said 。如:a friend of mine我的一個朋友(表示部分觀念,意即我有不少朋友,他(她)是其中之一)this lovely child of yours你的這個可愛的孩子(有感情色彩)自身代詞概說 表示反射(指一個動作回射到該動作執(zhí)行者本身)或強調(diào)(即用來加強名詞或代詞的語氣)的代詞叫做自身代詞。I saw a film lasts saturday. Its title was Guerrillas on the Plains.我上星期六看了一個電影,名叫《平原游擊隊》。c)北有時可用來代替小孩(child)和嬰兒(baby)。3)人稱代詞的其他用法 各人稱代詞除按照自身的人稱、數(shù)和格使用外,還有下列一些特殊用法:a)報刊的編輯和文章的作者,在發(fā)表觀點時,常用we代替I (同樣用our代替my)。[注一]第一人稱單數(shù)人稱代詞I (我)永遠(yuǎn)要大寫。5)有或沒有冠詞 代詞之前一般不用冠詞,只有少數(shù)例外。(作定語)3)格的變化 有些代詞有格的變化,如 I 我(主格),me我(賓格),Who誰(主格),whom誰(賓格)。b)有些代詞和形容詞一樣,可作定語。9)節(jié)日、假日等名稱之前不用冠詞。如:by air乘飛機,at night夜間,in fact事實上,in danger在危險中,after school放學(xué)后,at home在家中,in town在城里,to go to school上學(xué)去,to go to bed去睡覺,to go to class去上課,from door to door挨門挨戶,from morning till night從早到晚。當(dāng)然也可以說in spring。I want this book, not that ,不要那本書。Maotai is a famous Chinese 。He is fond of 。如:the People39。2)在含有普通名詞的專有名詞前。January is the first month of the 。如:At the Children39。如:Last week I read a story and a play. The story is about the Second World War and the play about the life of university 。