【正文】
he cause.Conducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearing.Then,understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem.Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avoided by proper handing and assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loading-such as when a bearing is droppedor incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel).It may also be caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across the races.Raceway dents also produce noise,vibration,and increased torque.A similar defect is a pattern of elliptical dents caused by balls vibrating between raceways while the bearing is not turning.This problem is called false brinelling. It occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinelling acts like an abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant.False brinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Preloading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit.Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel. Overheated bearings often change color,usually to blueblack or straw colored.Friction also causes stress in the retainer,which can break and hasten bearing failure.Premature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preload.When these conditions are unavoidable,bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked out.Another solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing material.When standard bearing materials,such as 440C or SAE 52100,do not guarantee sufficient life,specialty materials can be remended. In addition,when the problem is traced back to excessive loading,a higher capacity bearing or different configuration may be used.Creep is less mon than premature fatigue.In bearings.it is caused by excessive clearance between bore and shaft that allows the bore to rotate on the shaft.Creep can be expensive because it causes damage to other ponents in addition to the bearing.0ther more likely creep indicators are scratches,scuff marks,or discoloration to shaft and bore.To prevent creep damage,the bearing housing and shaft fittings should be visually checked.Misalignment is related to creep in that it is mounting related.If races are misaligned or cocked.The balls track in a noncircumferencial path.The problem is incorrect mounting or tolerancing,or insufficient squareness of the bearing mounting site.Misalignment of more than 1/4同時,我們積極搜尋和查閱資料,認真研究,獨立思考,親自動手,很好的鍛煉的獨立思考能力和實踐能力。并從中學(xué)會了怎樣去發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決問題以及怎樣去查找資料,運用資料,為走向工作崗位做產(chǎn)品開發(fā)打下堅實的基礎(chǔ)。Q=/=、磨損后期的生產(chǎn)能力: 產(chǎn)量=622kg/h——單位功率消耗(試驗報告值),KWh根據(jù)計算出的軸功率可進行立磨主電機及減速機的選型或主電機酌功率核算。在原材料試驗中,其單位功率消耗值可作為所需軸功率的計算依據(jù)。 ——指定物料在MPS32試驗?zāi)ド系哪肽ギa(chǎn)量,th對應(yīng)用戶提供作試驗的原材料,MPS型立磨的生產(chǎn)能力Q按下式計算:立磨的生產(chǎn)能力與所加工的物料性能有關(guān),與所施加的壓力及單位時間內(nèi)碾壓的物料量有關(guān)。生產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)鑄件,控制鑄鐵凝固時形成的石墨的形態(tài)和基體金屬組織是至關(guān)重要的。如錘式破碎機的錘頭,破碎含有泥沙的較軟的礦石時,錘頭表層加工硬化只有240—300HB,錘頭壽命最多18小時。高錳鋼的加工硬化機理有位錯堆積與形變誘導(dǎo)變兩種理論。如此之強的生命力主要歸因于其極高的沖擊韌性(Ak100 J/cm2),使用中安全可靠是其主要特點,尤其在強沖擊條件下的磨損工況中效果更為顯著。像這么大型的粉碎機械,很少有可以參考的方面,我們只有在分析的基礎(chǔ)上斟酌選擇,其實際應(yīng)用中的工作能力,還要在工作進一步的檢驗。C左右水淬處理后組織轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閱我坏膴W氏體或奧氏體加少量碳化物,韌性反而提高,因此稱水韌處理。按用途分類。將煉好的鋼液澆注鋼錠模,便獲得各種鋼錠。能CSiMnNiCrMoHRCσw(Mpa)σb(Mpa)Αkφ30NiHard1砂53/61金54/6450060056085023035035042028/4135/55NiHard2砂52/59金55/6256068068087032039042053035/4848/76NiHard3砂53/61金54/6450060056085023035035042028/4135/55NiHard4砂53/63金56/64620750680870500600/35/4248/76注:砂——砂型鑄造,金——金屬模鑄造。國際鎳公司鎳硬鑄鐵牌號、成分和性能牌號化在懸輥磨中,主要的受力和磨損部件就是磨輥和磨盤,因此對磨輥的材料和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計要求很高。根據(jù)滾動軸承公差等級的選擇原則:在中等載荷、中等轉(zhuǎn)速以及旋轉(zhuǎn)精度要求不高的一般傳動裝置中,可選用P0級軸承。為了防止?jié)櫥瑒┑臑a出和塵埃、顆粒以及其它雜物、水分的侵入,滾動軸承必須具有適當(dāng)?shù)拿芊庋b置,以保持良好的潤滑條件和正常的工作環(huán)境。根據(jù)使用的潤滑劑的不同,滾動軸承的潤滑方式有油潤滑、脂潤滑和固體潤滑三類。根據(jù)這些實際情況,我們生產(chǎn)軸承套圈和滾動體時,采用滲碳軸承鋼M50NiL,這是美國開發(fā)出來的高溫滲碳軸承鋼,其斷裂韌性特別好,高溫性能、高速性能、沖擊韌度、耐磨性、耐疲勞性能十分優(yōu)越,這些性能和適合懸輥磨的工作條件。不同的軸承類型,這兩個載荷系數(shù)是不一樣的,詳細情況請查軸承手冊。此次磨輥軸承選用前端選用圓柱滾子軸承,后端選雙列圓錐式滾子軸承。調(diào)心性能: 當(dāng)兩個軸承座孔同軸度不能保證或軸的撓度較大時,應(yīng)選用性能好的調(diào)心球軸承或調(diào)心滾子軸承。在選擇滾動軸承時,應(yīng)該考慮以下幾個因素:載荷的方向、大小和性質(zhì):向心軸承主要承受徑向載荷,推力軸承主要承受軸向載荷。單個磨輥碾磨時,克服物料磨阻功,可按下式計算 (213)式中 ——轉(zhuǎn)速,r/min; ——碾磨壓力,N——當(dāng)量摩擦半徑,m;一般,而,——磨盤公稱直徑,m;B——磨輥軸向?qū)挾?,m;——平均阻力系數(shù),此系數(shù)與物料層,物料粒度有關(guān),一般物料層增加,碾入角也增加,;——鋼與物料最大靜摩擦系數(shù),=,將各規(guī)格立磨相應(yīng)的,B,值代入上式可計算相應(yīng)的值= 立磨主機功率P的計算 (214)確定 m=3,=,=,=,= 代入上式可計算得主機功率 P=1486KW故可選用1600KW電動機. 磨機的產(chǎn)量平盤輥磨機的產(chǎn)量與物料層厚度、磨輥壓入物料的速度和磨輥的母線長度成正比,與物料的循環(huán)次數(shù)成反比。根據(jù)水泥廠實際操作情況,壓。但過厚會使物料與磨輥相對滑動量增加,磨輥起伏振動增加;反之,若物料層減薄,碾入角減少,立磨有效碾壓區(qū)減小,碾壓效率降低;過薄時磨輥的上下振動加劇,甚至損壞機件。通過以上各式得: (25)從上式可求得磨盤的理論轉(zhuǎn)速為: 磨盤的實際轉(zhuǎn)速則為: (26)式中 D——磨盤外徑,m; q——速度修正系數(shù)。本次設(shè)計的是MPS磨,所以有200=,解得磨盤直徑D=,將磨盤直徑圓整后,選取磨機規(guī)格為3150mm。不利于粉磨物料。 實際采用的鉗角應(yīng)小于。所以此次設(shè)計采用MPS磨。MPS型磨機特點如下:磨機設(shè)有保護裝置,當(dāng)壓力超過或低于調(diào)定范圍極限值時,會自動報警并自行停磨,確保磨機安全運行。第一臺立磨是上個世紀(jì)二十年代在德國研制出來的。噪音低、揚塵少、操作環(huán)境清潔。入磨物料粒度大,可達磨輥直徑的45%左右,一般為40100毫米,所以,大中型立磨可以省掉二級破碎。物料經(jīng)過多道鎖風(fēng)閥門、下料溜子進入磨內(nèi)堆積在磨盤中間,由于磨盤套裝在立式減速器上,在主電機的驅(qū)動下,磨盤旋轉(zhuǎn)并通過物料帶動磨輥轉(zhuǎn)動,物料受離心力的作用下向磨盤邊緣移動,并被嚙入磨輥底部而被粉碎,磨輥由液壓系統(tǒng)進行增、減壓以滿足粉磨的需要,由于磨盤的轉(zhuǎn)速較高,物料不僅在輥下被壓碎,而且被推向外緣,越過擋料圈落入風(fēng)環(huán),由于風(fēng)環(huán)處通入了大量的熱風(fēng)(風(fēng)溫約250℃左右),這些熱風(fēng)形成高速氣流,并把下落的物料帶起,大顆粒被折回落到磨盤,小顆粒被氣流帶入選粉機內(nèi),選粉機的殼內(nèi)安裝有多排風(fēng)葉片,轉(zhuǎn)子在電機的帶動下進行旋轉(zhuǎn),從而對物料進行分選,粗粉從錐斗落到磨盤內(nèi)進行再粉磨,合格的成品隨氣流帶出機外被收集作為產(chǎn)品,特別難磨的料塊及意外進入磨盤的金屬件將穿過風(fēng)環(huán)孔下落,并通過刮板和出渣口排出磨盤之外,并經(jīng)過分選后由提升裝