【正文】 he applicant state needs to take the legal steps required under its own law to enable it to sign the IMF39。 quotas and voting power, and Board of Governors Table showing the top 21 member countries in terms of voting power:[6] IMF Member CountryQuota: Millions of SDRsQuota: Percentage of TotalGovernorAlternate GovernorVotes: NumberVotes: Percentage of Total AustraliaWayne SwanKen Henry32614 BelgiumGuy QuadenJeanPierre Arnoldi46302 BrazilGuido MantegaHenrique de Campos Meirelles30611 CanadaJim FlahertyMark Carney63942 ChinaZHOU XiaochuanHU Xiaolian81151 FranceChristine LagardeChristian Noyer107635 GermanyPeer Steinbr252。s ability to sustain national infrastructure even in crucial areas such as health, education, and security — and privatization of strategically vital national resources.[13] Others attribute the crisis to Argentina39。s member countries on how the IMF should analyse economic outes at the country level. Whatever the feelings people in the Western world have for the IMF, research by the Pew Research Center shows that more than 60 percent of Asians and 70 percent of Africans feel that the IMF and the World Bank have a positive effect on their country.[18] However it is pertinent to note that the survey aggregated international organizations including the World Trade Organization. Also, a similar percentage of people in the Western world believed that these international organizations had a positive effect on their countries. In 2005, the IMF was the first multilateral financial institution to implement a sweeping debtrelief program for the world39。 influence on Jamaica and its economy from a critical point of view. In 1978, one year after Jamaica first entered a borrowing relationship with the IMF, the Jamaican dollar was still worth more on the open exchange than the US dollar。s 24 executive directors elected Mr. StraussKahn as new managing director, with broad support including from the United States and the 27nation European Union. StraussKahn succeeded Spain39。s membership) have experienced a banking collapse that they claim have reduced GDP by four percent or more, far more than at any time in PostDepression history.[citation needed] The considerable delay in the IMF39。?ez30739 SwedenStefan IngvesPer Jansson24205 SwitzerlandJeanPierre RothHansRudolf Merz34835 United KingdomAlistair DarlingMervyn King107635 United StatesHenry PaulsonBen Bernanke371743 VenezuelaGast243。s member countries agreed to the first round of ad hoc quota increases for four countries, including China. On March 28, 2008, the IMF39。 [編輯]Data Dissemination Systems In 1995, the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public. The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) endorsed the guidelines for the dissemination standards and they were split into two tiers: The General Data Dissemination System (GDDS) and the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS). The International Monetary Fund executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997 respectively and subsequent amendments were published in a revised “Guide to the General Data Dissemination System”. The system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country. It is also part of the World Bank Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction Strategic Papers. The IMF established a system and standard to guide members in the dissemination to the public of their economic and financial data. Currently there are two such systems: General Data Dissemination System (GDDS) and its superset Special Data Dissemination System(SDDS), for those member countries having or seeking access to international capital markets. The primary objective of the GDDS is to encourage IMF member countries to build a framework to improve data quality and increase statistical capacity building. This will involve the preparation of metadata describing current statistical collection practices and setting improvement plans. Upon building a framework, a country can evaluate statistical needs, set priorities in improving the timeliness, transparency, reliability and accessibility of financial and economic data. Some countries initially used the GDDS, but lately upgraded to SDDS. Some entities that are not themselves IMF members also contribute statistical data to the systems: 各國外匯買賣價格上下變動，不得超過平價的1％。所謂基本不均衡，乃指除了因季節(jié)性、投機性、經(jīng)濟循環(huán)等短期因素外的原因，所產(chǎn)生的國際收支不均衡。 　　③要求借款國增加出口或減少進口，意味著該國貨幣要計劃性地貶值，這種貶值也可能會促進出口，但同時也使進口商品價格更加高昂，不利于國內(nèi)消費者。而且IMF對貸款的發(fā)放也不是一步到位，而是以一定的時間間隔分期發(fā)放，如果借款國沒有履行貸款條件，IMF便停止發(fā)放新的貸款。IMF在此問題上遵循著這樣一個原則：成員國每年借款額一般不超過份額的102％；3年累計借款凈額不超過份額的306％；全部累計借款上限為份額的600％。為了增強對低收入成員國的資金援助，IMF于1987年12月增設了“擴大的結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整貸款”，其目的和條件與上述結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整貸款基本致，但貸款額擴大了，最高貸款額可達份額的250％，在特殊情況下還可提高到份額的350％。貸款期限3年半至7年，最高借款額為成員國份額的 140％。 　?、菔唾J款(oil facility)。該貸款最高限額為成員國份額的100％，貸款期限3～5年。貸款分兩部分，即儲備部分貸款和信用部分貸款?，F(xiàn)具體介紹如下： 　　(1)IMF貸款的特點 　　根據(jù)IMF協(xié)定的規(guī)定，當成員國發(fā)生國際收支不平衡時，1MF對成員國提供短期信貸。近年來，隨著成員國經(jīng)濟往來中依賴性的增強、國際經(jīng)濟一體化和國際資本流動的加速以及國際金融市場的動蕩，第一種形式顯得越來越重要。這種借款是在IMF與成員國協(xié)議前提下實現(xiàn)的，主要形式有：(1)借款總安排，1962年與“七國集團”簽訂，總額60億美元，以應付成員國臨時性困難；(2)補充資金貸款借款安排，1979年與13個成員國簽訂；(3)擴大資金貸款借款安排，1981年5月與一些官方機構(gòu)簽汀。 　　份額的作用是多方面的，它既是IMF的最大資金來源，也是決定成員國國投票權(quán)、借款權(quán)的最主要因素。此外，IMF還有2個永久性的海外業(yè)務機構(gòu)，即歐洲辦事處(設在巴黎)和日內(nèi)瓦辦事處。當董事會需要就有關問題進行投票表決時，執(zhí)行董事按其所代表的國家或選區(qū)的投票權(quán)進行投票。理事會的主要職權(quán)是：批準接納新的成員國；批準IMF的份額規(guī)模與特別提款權(quán)的分配，批準成員國貨幣平價的普遍調(diào)查；決定成員國退出IMF；討論有關國際貨幣制度的重大問題。同年9月24日，其臨時委員會又決定：①基金增資50％；②在1979年至1981年3年間，每年發(fā)行特別提款權(quán)40億單位。此一攤額必須以黃金或可自由兌換貨幣（如美元）與本國貨幣繳納?；鸾M織的份額由特別提款權(quán)(SDR)表示，份額的多少同時決定了在IMF的投票權(quán)。國際貨幣基金組織簡介　IMF即國際貨幣基金組織(International Monetary Fund)的縮寫。 [編輯]國際貨幣基金的宗旨 　　在于建立一永久性的國際金融合作機構(gòu)，促進國際金融合作，以維持匯率的安定，擴展國際貿(mào)易，提高就業(yè)水平與實質(zhì)國民所得，并以資金供給會員國，調(diào)節(jié)會員國國際收支的暫時性不平衡。以黃金或可自由兌換貨幣繳納部分，應等于一國攤額的25％，或該國當時國際準備持有額的10％，而以其中較少者為準。 　　基金的增資，在于