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量 (電流 )輸出的轉(zhuǎn)換。在由外部程序存儲(chǔ)器取指期間,每個(gè)機(jī)器周期兩次 PSEN 有效。在平時(shí), ALE端以不變的頻率周期輸出正脈沖信號(hào),此頻率為振蕩器頻率的 1/6。 P3 口: P3 口管腳是 8 個(gè)帶內(nèi)部上拉電阻的雙向 I/O 口,可接收輸出 4 個(gè)TTL 門電流 。 P1 口管腳寫入 1 后,被內(nèi)部上拉為高,可用作輸入,P1 口被外部下拉為低電平時(shí),將輸出電流,這是由于內(nèi)部上拉的緣故。在掉電模式下,保存 RAM 的內(nèi)容并且凍結(jié)振蕩器,禁止所用其他芯片功能,直到下一個(gè)硬件復(fù)位為止。這個(gè)放大器與作為反饋元件的片外石英晶體或陶瓷諧振器一 起構(gòu)成自激振蕩器。 個(gè) 16 位定時(shí)器 /計(jì)時(shí)器, 5 個(gè)中斷源,有 2 個(gè)優(yōu)先級(jí) 。 Intel 公司生產(chǎn)的 51 系列單片機(jī)具有功能強(qiáng)大、價(jià)格低廉、體積小、開發(fā)容易,步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制器操作等特點(diǎn),在市場(chǎng)中占有很大的份額,是一種比較通用且經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)惠的產(chǎn)品。 芯片 的選擇 選擇單片機(jī)時(shí)要以無需外部擴(kuò)展或較少的外部擴(kuò)展來實(shí)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)所要求的功能,并且不對(duì)單片機(jī)資源造成太大的浪費(fèi)為原則。 由于單片機(jī)具有體積小、低功耗、可靠性高、控制功能強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),因此廣泛的應(yīng)用于國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)領(lǐng) 域,對(duì)各行各業(yè)的技術(shù)改造和產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代起到了重要的推動(dòng)作用。 然后對(duì)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行簡單介紹,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng),分析細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過細(xì)分后,驅(qū)動(dòng)電流的變化幅度大大減少,故轉(zhuǎn)子到達(dá)平衡位置時(shí)的過剩能量也大為減少。 1975 年美國學(xué)者 首次在美國增量運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)及器件年會(huì)上提出了步進(jìn)電機(jī)步距角細(xì)分的控制方法。 ,這些電勢(shì)的方向和大小將對(duì)繞組電流產(chǎn)生很大的影響。 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)特點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面 [1]。步進(jìn)電機(jī)控制器發(fā)出步進(jìn)脈沖和方向信號(hào),每發(fā)一個(gè)脈沖,步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器驅(qū)動(dòng)步進(jìn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)一個(gè)步距角,即步進(jìn)一步。當(dāng)三相步進(jìn)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子為 50 齒,若采用 3 拍通電工作方式時(shí), b? =176。每循環(huán)一次,磁場(chǎng)沿 ABC 方向轉(zhuǎn)過 360176。 ( 1) A相通電 ( 2) B 相通電 ( 3) C 相通電 圖 22 一相通電時(shí)的磁場(chǎng)情況 B 相繞組的軸線與 A 相繞組軸線的夾角為 120176。 xx 大 學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 5 第 2章 步進(jìn)電機(jī)及其 驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 步進(jìn)電機(jī)及其工作原理 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的典型結(jié) 構(gòu), 分為定子和轉(zhuǎn)子兩部分,其中定子又分為定子鐵心和定子繞組。性能更加優(yōu)越的絕緣柵極晶體管 (IGBT)也己應(yīng)用于高速型及較大功率的步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路中。但是該機(jī)床不但重達(dá) 1360kg,體積龐大,造價(jià)更是昂貴。目前,電機(jī)控制方法已經(jīng)由傳統(tǒng)的 PID 控制方法發(fā)展到性能更優(yōu)良、結(jié)構(gòu)更簡單的數(shù)字式 PID 控制方法,并取得了較好的效果,在一定程度上提高了系統(tǒng)的定位精度。步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)方式的發(fā)展先后有單電壓驅(qū)動(dòng)、高低壓驅(qū)動(dòng)、斬波 xx 大 學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 3 恒流驅(qū)動(dòng)、調(diào)頻調(diào)壓驅(qū)動(dòng)和細(xì)分驅(qū)動(dòng)等。每來一個(gè)脈沖,轉(zhuǎn)子都從新的轉(zhuǎn)矩曲線的躍變中獲得一次能量的補(bǔ)充,這種能量越大,振蕩越厲害。 步進(jìn)電機(jī)在中低速時(shí)具有較大的轉(zhuǎn)矩 ,能夠較同級(jí)伺服電機(jī)提供更大的扭力輸出。 步進(jìn)電機(jī)在輸入脈 沖信號(hào)時(shí),可以依輸入的脈沖數(shù)量做固定角度的旋轉(zhuǎn)而得到靈活的角度控制 (位置控制 )。 步進(jìn)電機(jī)概述 步進(jìn)電機(jī)是一種將電脈沖信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換為角位移或直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),由步進(jìn)電機(jī) 及其功率驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置構(gòu)成一個(gè)開環(huán)的定位運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。性能更加優(yōu)越的絕緣柵極晶體管 (IGBT)也己應(yīng)用于高速型及較大功率的步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)電路中。 關(guān)鍵詞 單片機(jī);步進(jìn)電機(jī);細(xì)分控制 xx 大 學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 II Design of Stepper Motor Subdivision Controller Based on Microcontroller Abstract Stepper motor is a kind of electromechanical ponent that is driven in step angle or line displacement by electric pulse signal. Because of having the advantage of easy openloop control and no accumulating error, stepper motor is being applied widely in many fields . As an integrated system including with both stepping motor and driver, its quality of operation is depended on the performance of motor, driver and controller .Generally, the noise of the stepping motor is great, and control precision is low, which can' t meet request of the high running quality in many situations . So the performance is improved in stepping motor operation through realizing the subdivision operation of stepping motor. This topic in summarizes various stepping motor subdivision control technology, on the basis of these technology, pleted the design of stepping motor subdivision system based on singlechip microputer The stepper motor?s microstepping driver is a kind of driving technology that can effectively improve the step precision and characteristic of low frequency. It is mostly used when the equipments require highprecision, low noise or low vibration system, and it is being a more and more popular driving technology. In this paper, the working principle and configuration of threephase Stepper are introduced, then based on technologies such as stepper motor controller and microcontroller .we analysis the using of microstepping driving technology to improve operational performance . Current subdividing technology not only overes the disadvantages of motor?s vibration and noise at low speeds but also reduces probability of resonance. It prevents the reactive voltage errors brought by other windings and the drift errors brought by current. It improves the precision of subdivision. In the thesis, we develop a single chip puterbased digital controlling system for a threephase stepper motor that is mainly constructed from a AT89CS1 single chip puter and 8279IC which is used as the core of control parts and a three fullbridge driver IR2130. The power stage of this driver uses IGBT IR2130 that provides high reliability. Based on the approach, the system' s whole architecture, the design of hardware and software are in traduced in detail. Keywords Single chip microputer; Stepper motor; Subdivide control xx 大 學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位論文 III 目錄 摘要 …… ....................................................................................................................... I Abstract ........................................................................................................................ II 第 1章 緒論 ................................................................................................................ 1 課題背景 ........................................................................................................... 1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)概述 ................................................................................................... 1 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)概述 ................................................................................... 2 國內(nèi)外研究狀況及發(fā)展趨勢(shì) ........................................................................... 3 論文研究內(nèi)容 ................................................................................................... 4 第 2章 步進(jìn)電機(jī)及其驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) ................................................................................ 5 步進(jìn)電機(jī)及其工作原理 ................................................................................... 5 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn) ................................................................................ 5 步進(jìn)電機(jī)的 基本工作原理 ........................................................................ 5 繞組通電方式 ............................................................................................ 6 步距角的控制 ............................................................................................ 7 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) ........................................................................................... 7 步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)簡介 ............................................................................ 7 步