住房政策的外文翻譯--住房政策是福利和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的鏈接-文庫(kù)吧在線文庫(kù)
【正文】 presented above– that the promotion of equity stimulates the local economy – it seems that money spent on housing investment, even social housing, would generate economic benefits. The old urban regions that have adapted themselves successfully to new economic realities seem to consist of two worlds. They are the workplaces and the playgrounds of the newly affluent, with their lifestyles of conspicuous consumption. At the same time, these places are characterized by decaying neighborhoods, concentrations of disadvantaged ethnic groups, and homeless people on the streets. In terms of the ideology of the welfare state that spawned the large social housing programs of the past, such contrasts cry out for sharing the benefits of the economic transformation. But the ideal of the redistributive welfare state has lost out to the liberal notion of ‘betting on the strong’. Yet, there is no particular need to reinstate the social housing programs of the past. Other, less ambitious solutions can diminish social inequality in an area. But these must be designed to fuel the flow of investment. Good housing in attractive neighborhoods can prompt investment by the private sector. Poor housing conditions, in contrast, are a strong indicator of social exclusion and of conflict. They must be avoided, as they transmit one clear message: these are not the places where new investment will be secure. When figuring out a formula for a city’s success, housing should not be the missing link between welfare and economic development. 。當(dāng)他們傳送清晰的信息時(shí)，他們必須避免這些：在這里，不是新投資就一定安全。 舊的城市區(qū)域成功適應(yīng)新經(jīng)濟(jì)這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)似乎由兩個(gè)世界組成。 當(dāng)他們到達(dá)某些特殊的地方 ,被當(dāng)?shù)厥孢m的居住環(huán)境所吸引 時(shí) ，企業(yè)就會(huì)緊跟其后面 ，盡量滿足他們的需要 。住房包括許多其他實(shí)質(zhì)性的成本，創(chuàng)造巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)乘數(shù) : 保養(yǎng)、稅收、公用事業(yè)、家具和許多其他費(fèi)用。 當(dāng)人們選擇居住地點(diǎn)時(shí)，許多人對(duì)居住環(huán)境的物理和社會(huì)性很敏感。 此類激勵(lì)方法涵蓋范 圍很廣， 而且也越變?cè)蕉?，因?yàn)榇蠹叶剂私獾?當(dāng)?shù)氐氖找媾c產(chǎn)出 是 直接相關(guān) 的 。就個(gè)人而言，每個(gè)房子仍為居住者提供 最 基本的功能，如：提供住所，保證隱私，工作，基本的社會(huì)交流以及其他一系列設(shè)施和服務(wù)。很顯然，對(duì)改革后的住房的推動(dòng)力主要來(lái)源于關(guān)于國(guó)家預(yù)算的政策決定。政策的改變?cè)试S房?jī)r(jià)增長(zhǎng)到市場(chǎng)允許的水平。西歐目前 60%的房屋建于 1945 年 以后，對(duì)于這些房屋的存在 形式 來(lái)說(shuō)，大多數(shù)住房屬于補(bǔ)貼性 住房。住房政策是福利和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的鏈接 近十幾年來(lái)，住房增多現(xiàn)象在歐洲許多城市已成為最明顯的變化。但是 Feddes 和Dieleman（ 1996）研究認(rèn)為： 不管國(guó)家規(guī)定采用何種不同的福利研究模型， 目前 房屋已成為重要政策中的主要成分。在很多國(guó)家，這些補(bǔ)助通常只給予租房的人們，而其他地方，該項(xiàng)補(bǔ)助還涉及到低收入家庭。住房政策和經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)的任何聯(lián)系都在住房項(xiàng)目中得以改善，以跟上國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的變化。 則經(jīng)濟(jì)的新形勢(shì) 需根據(jù)參與者角色的不斷變化，對(duì)房屋的角色進(jìn)行 重新定義。對(duì)于他們而言 ,地方政府很想認(rèn)識(shí)這種挑戰(zhàn)提供 的 所有 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì) 。它的位置決定了工作機(jī)會(huì)和提供服務(wù)和設(shè)施 的渠道 。通過(guò)購(gòu)買和租賃手段對(duì)房屋進(jìn)行投資，需要很大份額的居民消費(fèi)。正是這些團(tuán)體，為當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展 打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的 基礎(chǔ)。然而 ,通過(guò)擴(kuò)展上述的爭(zhēng)論 —— 促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)的股權(quán) 以刺激 當(dāng)?shù)氐慕?jīng)濟(jì) — 看起來(lái)這筆錢是花 在住房投資 上 了 ,甚至 社會(huì)住房 也會(huì)產(chǎn)生 強(qiáng)大的 經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。良好的居住環(huán)境吸引著 人們，才能通過(guò)私人投資方式獲得及時(shí) 的 投資資金 ,相反的，住房條件差是一個(gè)社會(huì)排斥和沖突強(qiáng)烈的標(biāo)志。 major public investments are needed to create, maintain, and service residential areas. Because of the amount of investment – both direct and indirect – residential construction used to be a preferred area of intervention for Keynesian economists in their efforts to control the economy. In a market constellatio
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