【正文】 ems. However, for nominal accounts, he felt that end of the period exchange rates were preferable to average exchange rates (Finney, 1923, p. 458). The impact of the Great Depression By 1925, most nations had gone back to the gold standard and the foreign exchange stabilized (Gray, 1983, p. 261). The worldwide Great Depression of the 1930s, however, proved to be too much for the gold standard. According to McConnell, each nation became afraid that “its economic recovery would be aborted by a balance of payments deficit which would lead to an outflow of gold and consequent contractionary effects” (McConnell, 1981, p. 855). In an attempt to bolster exports and reduce imports, several nations began to devalue their currencies in terms 5 of gold (McConnell, 1981, p. 855). The result of these devaluations was a breakdown of the gold standard system. During this time, the number of writings on foreign currency accounting increased. An early article by Cecil S. Ashdown described the currentnoncurrent method (Ashdown, 1922, p. 262). The most notable publication was a remendation made in 1931 by a special mittee on accounting procedure of the American Institute of Accountants (now AICPA) that the currentnoncurrent method be used (AIA, 1931). This was the first official pronouncement on the subject in the USA. This method essentially involves: ? the translation of current assets and current liabilities at end of year exchange rates。本文主要闡述二十世紀以來美國的外幣折算會計的演變過程。 在 Datini 檔案館保存有 1399 年 1 月 31 日一家企業(yè)設(shè)在巴塞羅那的分公司的資產(chǎn)負債表，以及 1397 年 6 月 31 日至 1399 年 1 月 31 日的利潤表。他提到當(dāng)時的企業(yè)在進行外幣交易折算時使用了一些錯誤的準則。歐洲的工業(yè)陷入混亂并且急需只能在美國才能獲取的原材料。各國均擔(dān)心由于國際收支逆差會帶來資金外流和緊縮影響會阻礙本國的經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。該方法主要包括以下內(nèi)容： 11 1953 年， ARB 4 被并入 ARB43 中的第十二章。 這樣的經(jīng)濟形勢使得流動性項目 非流動性項目法的合理性產(chǎn)生了許多問題。同時也讓美國與其他國家的固定匯率制度成為泡影，更適合的制度需要被建立起來。第五十二號準則的主要內(nèi)容如下： 外文出處：管理史期刊，泰德尤其是每當(dāng)戰(zhàn)爭導(dǎo)致的經(jīng)濟動蕩和匯率動蕩總會引起新的討論點，比如第一次，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和越南戰(zhàn)爭。該聲明的主要目的就是將所有的匯兌損益，無論實現(xiàn)與否，都計入利潤表。美國的 12 通貨膨脹是由美國在越南戰(zhàn)爭中的過度花費以及輕率的貨幣政策引起的。該結(jié)果產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟動蕩 開始引發(fā)對于外幣折算會計的新思考。 ARB 4 有關(guān)外幣的規(guī)定 特別委員會于 1938 年解散，取而代之的是新的會計準則委員會（ CAP）。最著名的是 1931 年由美國會計準則特別委員會所出版的一份有關(guān)使用流動性項目 非流動性項目法的建議信。 大蕭條的影響 到了 1925 年，大部分國家回歸到金本位制度，外匯匯率也逐漸穩(wěn)定下來。但是穩(wěn)定的匯率同時也依賴于穩(wěn)定的貿(mào)易關(guān)系。 賴爾（一位英國注冊會計師）于 1900 年編寫的一本書中，他描述了英國當(dāng)時的外幣折算會計。 在中世紀，隨著十字軍遠征至歐洲并大大刺激了歐洲的貨物需求，國際 貿(mào)易得到大力發(fā)展。在中世紀的后半葉，商人們意識到在國外建立企業(yè)分支可促進國際貿(mào)易，自那時起，國際貿(mào)易對于國民經(jīng)濟的重要性與日俱增。 and ? noncurrent assets and noncurrent liabilities at historical exchange rates. The nominal accounts were to be translated at average exchange rates (the same as moarynonmoary method). The mittee reiterated their position in another bulletin in 1934 (AIA, 1934). Foreign currency provisions of ARB 4 The special mittee was disbanded in 1938 and the new Committee on Accounting Procedures (CAP) took over. In December 1939, the CAP issued Accounting Research Bulletin No. 4 (ARB 4) entitled “Foreign operations and foreign exchange”. In 1953, ARB 4 was incorporated into ARB 43 as chapter 12 (AICPA, 1953). This bulletin essentially repeated the special mittee’s endorsement of the currentnoncurrent method but also stressed the desirability of conservatism when reporting foreign earnings and consolidating foreign subsidiaries. ARB 4 also required that both realized and unrealized losses in foreign exchange be charged against operations and that realized gains be credited to operations (AICPA, 1953). The bulletin stated that unrealized gains should only be recognized to the extent of unrealized losses charged to ine in prior periods (AICPA, 1953). 6 Impact of the Second World War With the stimulus of additional economic turmoil created by t