【正文】 potential tradeoffs exist in urban as well as rural finance, and must be addressed when financial institutions develop their business plans and decide between marketing their services to only the very poor, to a mix of clients clustered around the poverty line, or to owners of small and mediumsize enterprises. This raises the question of what oute is considered most socially desirable or optimal. And giving an answer “is a matter of value judgment” (Morduch, 1999c). For example, is public support more desired for MFIs that specifically target the poor, such as those in Bangladesh that use specific wealth criteria in an attempt to exclude those living above the poverty line? These questions on tradeoffs arise when donors and policymakers consider investing in rural are also potential synergies among the three objectives of microfinance policy. First, financial sustainability is likely to be perceived by potential clients as a critical indicator of MFI permanence, and will influence their decision about whether it is worthwhile in the long run to bee and stay clients. Thus, greater financial sustainability can positively influence outreach. This synergy is even more important for savers who must have faith in the permanence of the institution to which they entrust their savings. No one will save with an institution that is considered temporary. Second,striving for financial sustainability forces MFIs to be sensitive to client demand and induces them to improve products, operations, and outreach. Better financial products, in turn, generate greater economic benefits for clients, and thus greater impact. Clearly, both the institutionalist and welfarist group among microfinance have good arguments, and can provide empirical evidence supporting their favored synergies or tradeoffs. However, only a publicwelfare perspective can consistently unite these different arguments. In addition, a public welfare perspective – using costbenefitanalysis can, beyond micro and rural finance, help overe constraints in other areas (munications, markets, health, and education, etc) which hinder the economic,social and human development of the poor and, also of micro and rural finance. The outer circle represents the external environment including the macroeconomic and sectoral policies that affect directly or indirectly the performance of financial institutions. Innovations at the institutional level (the inner circle) and improvements in the policy environment (the outer circle) contribute to improving the overall performance of the financial system and its institutions. While finance is certainly not charity, institutionbuilding and innovation can be significantly fostered by public investment. Such investment has to be appraised with the same evaluation criteria as for any other public investment. The social benefitcost ratio of public support for MFIs will be affected by many factors, including the macro policy, socioeconomic and agroecological environment. Some environments may be so hostile to financialsector development that public investments in MFIs will certainly generate a negative social return, whereas in others the same investment can be highly profitable. 譯 文： 主題 :農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng) —— 農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)的模型 農(nóng)業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長、糧食安全并消除貧困之農(nóng)村金融的角色 雖然農(nóng)業(yè)是呈下降趨勢 ,相比較而言 ,在很多發(fā)展中國家 ,這仍然是一個主要經(jīng)濟(jì)部門 ,主要出口國 ,和主要的雇主 ,尤其是對窮人和婦女。 任何學(xué)生的微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)導(dǎo)論課程或發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)得知進(jìn)入儲蓄、信貸和保險服務(wù)的家庭都有有利作用及其企業(yè) ,因此對經(jīng)濟(jì)增長特別是 ,小額信貸也可能導(dǎo)致更合理的增長。新范式中承認(rèn)高昂的交易成本和風(fēng)險 ,部分是由于信息不對稱和道德風(fēng)險問題 ,對于金融中間人 ,客戶是供給問題的根源。建立可持續(xù)要求事業(yè)組織、社會投資機(jī)構(gòu)建立了需要長期規(guī)劃和準(zhǔn)備靈活操 作視野設(shè)備以及把握時機(jī)。直接通過提高窮人的進(jìn)入金融服務(wù)。財政政策的目標(biāo)隨著價值觀范型的轉(zhuǎn)換有改變。Lapenu和 Zeller,2020年和 2020 年 )的現(xiàn)在的分析 ,支持一種平衡關(guān)系的概念 ,即提高外延深度達(dá)到相對貧困的人 ,和財政的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。當(dāng)政策的介入 ,并直接支持資助制度建立要求公共投資或由國內(nèi)或國外的稅或捐款 ,出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于支付或者影響的問題 ,例如從經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和減輕貧困及食品安全等問題。 解決無論該政策問題是 一種經(jīng)濟(jì)上的資金投入 ,需要比較社會成本與社會效益。沙瑪和Buchenrieder 認(rèn)為 ,金融的影響通過增強(qiáng)互補(bǔ)非財務(wù)服務(wù) ,如商業(yè)或營銷服務(wù)或訓(xùn)練 ,增加借款人的貸款項(xiàng)目的利潤貸款。也有潛在的三大目標(biāo)之間的協(xié)同作用小額信貸的政策。很明顯 ,理論和福利主義都有很好的論點(diǎn)集團(tuán)躋身小額信貸 ,并可提供實(shí)證證據(jù)支持其支持的協(xié)同或替換。某些環(huán)境可能是如此的敵對金融公共投資發(fā)展， FIs 肯定會產(chǎn)生負(fù)面的社會回報 ,但也有一些相同的投資也會非常有利可圖。此外 ,公益 使用成本收益分析角度 ,超越微和農(nóng)村金融、幫助克服約束在其他地區(qū) (通訊、市場、健康、教育、文化等 )的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會和人的發(fā)展的窮人、以及農(nóng)村金融幅利。因此 ,更大的金融可持續(xù)發(fā)展可以影響勝過。研究了影響評價了 Buchenrieder沙瑪建議非常貧窮的人能得益于小額信貸 的消費(fèi)更加平滑穩(wěn)定 ,他們主要是由通過改善管理自己的儲蓄和通過借貸。三角小額貸款 ,反映了三大目標(biāo)的金融可持續(xù)發(fā)展、擴(kuò)大服務(wù)、影響 ,反映在數(shù)字。事實(shí)上 ,許多 ,但不是全部 ,及 MFIs 大量的女性和男性的貧困線以下的客戶需要進(jìn)一步捐贈傳輸?shù)饺娓采w成本。本法降低單位交易成本和尺寸大一點(diǎn)的交 易活動之間的平衡產(chǎn)生了窮人和金融可持續(xù)發(fā)展 ,無論其貸款技術(shù)使用。最終的目的是了金融機(jī)構(gòu)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要性。事實(shí)上 ,讓你可接受更多的重點(diǎn)不同國家的必要的特殊條件。 三角小額金融借貸 :金融可持續(xù)發(fā)展、擴(kuò)大服務(wù)、福利的影響 全球協(xié)商一致的發(fā)展主要目的合作是中國在聯(lián)合國千年發(fā)展目標(biāo) (實(shí)現(xiàn) )。認(rèn)識的新范式的可能是 “政府失敗”的市場 (即總的來說是制度的失敗所造成 ),并否認(rèn)科學(xué)家提出的市場自由化 ,即“金融系統(tǒng)并不是壓抑自己會功能最佳”。而影響的證據(jù)信用對家庭福利、農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的采用 ,農(nóng)業(yè)部門增長 ,許多實(shí)際的約束 mixed4(即時間和金錢 )和方法上的困難在估計的政策或影響項(xiàng)目的合理概率誤差的存在。本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯原 文 外文題目 Theme: Rural Fin