【正文】 e fact that there is usually no permanent employer, but merely jobs on particular pieces of construction work. Citizens living in overcrowded or dilapidated housing who cannot afford to pay luxury apartment rents are vitally affected by the high level of building costs. This is particularly true of those whose access to the housing market is limited by racial discrimination. All citizens in metropolitan areas are affected by blight caused in part by substandard housing, which i f not eliminated, tends to spread. Taxpayers are necessarily affected by the amount of housing which can be obtained in return for public investment in housing programs. The nation as a whole is affected both by the degree to which high and steady employment at good rates of pay can be assured in major industries of which construction is one of the most important,and by the degree to which the problems of our central cities can be effectively dealt with for the benefit of all and as an example pertinent to the struggle for men39。On the other hand, in several industries in different situations, ways of protecting employees threatened with job loss due to technological change have been worked out so as to permit an end to practices otherwise considered necessary to maintain the number of available jobs. The arbitration award in the 1963 railway dispute rendered under a federal statute providing for pulsory arbitration limited to the specific dispute174。 租不起豪華住宅的市民往往居住在擁擠的或破爛不堪的居室里。各行的從業(yè)人員都對就業(yè)情形的惡化紛紛作出反應。該規(guī)約提供了限制某些爭議的強 制仲裁，并在鐵道施工項目中對在職員工就業(yè)保障提供了嚴格的限制和保護。因此，舊城改造通常十分困難，除非抬高房價適應高成本，但這往往又會使其超出原有居民的支付能力。 于是，這樣的惡性循環(huán)不斷繼續(xù)和擴大。這從四位法官對禁用預制材料的合法性達成一致中可見一斑。任何工程里，在同樣是減少建筑成本的情形下，我們總愿意選擇需要更多勞動力的方案。雖然在整個工程不能都采用全日 制工時的情況下，上述方法也許無法完全保證工人們有一份持續(xù)的工作。當然，一個涉及住建、學校建設或其他工廠建設的方案的資源與國家在軍事上的投資是不可同日而語的。同時我們不該忘記，萎靡、仇恨、恐懼和絕望是不會被人設的界限隔離開的?？朔鼈兊姆椒ó斎粦摪ü焦膱?zhí)法、更好的教育和不計背景的更好的就業(yè)環(huán)境。例如，一個大規(guī)模的施工方案，就應該盡可能地、在不會危及原工人的就業(yè)機會的同時多雇傭一些重建區(qū)域內的非施工集團的人。進一步講，我們需要一個在未來保持高水平的就業(yè)率的保證。 怎樣才能使這種可能不被埋沒呢？有一種方法是寄希望于低成本可以拓寬市場，正如他們在 20 世紀 20 年代采取的汽車營銷手段一樣。而那些十分特殊的原因同樣適用于其他工業(yè)領域。絕望、沮喪和憤怒的氛圍彌漫在整個城市上空，阻礙其發(fā)展。 高質廉租房推廣的停滯不前有顯而易見的更廣泛的影響。這樣的嘗試因為鐵道工業(yè)的極強的穩(wěn)定性，其工作人員也是登錄在案并且通常資歷頗深。因為那將影響到所有的團隊成員的生活； 拒絕在預制材料上作業(yè)，因為那有可能危及工作；也拒絕使用高端設備 (例如油漆滾筒 )來工作，因為那將壓縮就業(yè)空間； 通過影響力來促進制定最大化勞動力需求量的各種法規(guī) (其中鐵道范疇內的 ful crew laws即為一例 )； 在處理規(guī)定誰可以做某項工作和具體如何完 成的憲法和法律中夾以限制； 對多種戶外稀缺項目的員工夾以限制； 嘗試對可工作時間內因其他因素（如淡旺季）而造成的無法工作現(xiàn)象進行適當?shù)难a償。 在一線城市的居民中，因住房條件 惡劣而導致的萎靡的現(xiàn)象，如果不加以控制，將日益泛濫開來。 reach, among other reasons. Fear of incorporation into the ghetto causes residents outside the ghetto to strengthen their resistance to integration. This confines the market available to residents in the ghetto and increases the pressure upon them to move into any opening in previously unavailable housing which may bee available. Thus the vicious circle continues and expands. Fear and bitterness by outside residents who do not want to be incorporated into ghettos municates itself. An entire climate of despair, frustration and anger is developed in what bee opposing parts of a city. Crime, violence and riots born in part of frustration based upon attitudes on both sides and upon bitterness over conditions including housing intensify this unhealthy atmosphere. Resistance to urban renewal which injures rather than helps residents of the areas to be renewed may well lead to loss of jobs in the construction industry. Job security