外文翻譯---美國的增值稅：一種解決方案-文庫吧在線文庫
【正文】 nts described in Table 1, and the states and localities piggybacked on that structure, an average subnational VAT of about 6 percent would raise the same revenue as existing state and local sales , states could maintain their sales taxes or create their own VAT bases. Following the implementation of a federal VAT in Canada, most provinces maintained their existing tax codes for several years. Some provinces have yet to fully harmonize with the federal VAT, while Quebec administers its own VAT (Duncan and Sedon 2020). Anticipated VAT as Stimulus While a major tax increase would not be a good idea while the economy is still recovering slowly from recession, it is worth noting that there is potential for the announcement of a future VAT to be stimulative in the current period. By raising the 3 price of consumption goods in the future, or by doing so gradually over time via a phasedin VAT, the announcement would encourage people to spend more now and in the near future, when the economy needs the stimulus. This effect may not be very big – there is little evidence – but it goes in the right direction. Will the VAT fuel expanding government? The VAT has been called a money machine in honor of its ability to raise substantial amounts of revenue. That is a helpful feature if the revenues are used to close deficits, but poses a problem if the boost in revenue simply fuels further unsustainable growth in federal spending. Some analysts reject any source of extra revenue – including a VAT – on the grounds that less government revenue leads to smaller government. In general, this ―starve the beast‖ theory does not apply to most taxes, nor does it reflect recent experience. Romer and Romer (2020), for example, find that tax cuts designed to spur longrun growth do not in fact lead to lower government spending。 and o explicit links to spending discipline. While we are not wedded to a particular rate, we do note that a 10 percent VAT with a broad base could raise about 2 percent of GDP in revenues, even after ting out the offsetting adjustments in other taxes and the costs of pensating households for VAT payments on a reasonable level of consumption. Other than the resources used to provide the rebate, VAT revenues should be used largely, if not pletely, for deficit reduction. While tax and spending reform require continued attention from policymakers, closing the fiscal gap is a top priority. To the extent that VAT revenues are used for other purposes, there will be fewer options left for balancing the federal budget. We believe the states would benefit from dropping their sales taxes and rapidly harmonizing with a federal VAT, but that is an issue they can decide for themselves. If all states did harmonize and if the federal VAT rate were 10 percent, the resulting bined VAT rate—including the state and federal rate—would be on the order of 15 to 17 percent. This would still be below the OECD average, but would be sufficient to significantly close the longterm gap and replace and improve upon statelevel sales taxes. It would also send a strong signal to consumer that public policymakers are aiming to reduce consumption and raise saving. Given current economic challenges, the timing of a VAT is important. Instituting a significant tax on consumption during a recession would be counterproductive. The optimal time to implement a VAT is after the economy has returned to full employment. The VAT is not the only tax or spending policy that can constructively help solve the fiscal problem, nor will it solve the prob
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