【正文】 react with the atoms on the new surface, which holds up chemical ，即使化學(xué)反應(yīng)很快，但解吸附很慢，則總?cè)コ室膊粔蚝?。Usually there is an anode(positively charged electrode), which is the source of the material to be deposited。The cathode is the workpiece, the substrate to be is connected to the negative terminal of the power power supply is well regulated to minimize ripples as well to deliver a steady predictable current, under varying loads such as those found in plating ，即要鍍的基體，連接到電源的負(fù)極。其沉積率與可供選擇的涂層技術(shù)比較是很高的。GAS—In bustion flame spraying the continuously moving wire is passed through a pistol, melted by a conical jet of burning molten wire tip enters the cone, atomises and is propelled onto the —連續(xù)移動的金屬絲在燃燒火焰噴射中通過手持噴槍，并被燃燒氣體的錐形噴嘴所熔化。Sputtering applies hightechnology coatings such as ceramics, metal alloys, organic and inorganic pounds by connecting the workpiece and the substance to a highvoltage DC power supply in an argon vacuum 、金屬合金、有機(jī)和無機(jī)化合物之類的高技術(shù)涂層。The most well known example of CVD is the nickel carbonyl(NiCO4)coating as thick as (.)on glass windows and containers to make them explosion or shatter (.)的羰基鎳(NiCO4)涂層使它們能抵抗爆裂或破碎。它們能在不改變表面尺寸的情況下改變表面性能。但初步結(jié)果看來是有前途的。車床床身的高度應(yīng)適當(dāng)以讓技師容易而舒適地工作。主軸外表面是螺紋可以安裝卡盤、花盤或類似的裝置。The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross is actually an Hshaped block that slides on the lathebed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the Vshaped guideways of the ：大拖板的主要功能是安裝刀具和產(chǎn)生縱向和/或橫向進(jìn)給。On the other hand, when the feed rod is used, it supplies power to the apron through a worm latter is keyed to the feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod, which has a keyway extending to cover its whole ，當(dāng)使用光桿時則通過蝸輪給溜板箱提供動力。這兩組中的每一組都包括以下類型刀具：Turning tools can be either finishing or rough turning turning tools have small nose radii and are employed when deep cuts are ：車削刀具可以是精車刀具或粗車刀具。Threadcutting tools have either triangular, square, or trapezoidal cutting edges, depending upon the cross section of the desired , the plane angles of these tools must always be identical to those of the thread ：螺紋切削刀具根據(jù)所需螺紋的橫截面，有三角形的、矩形的或梯形的切削刃。The carbide tips(or ceramic tips)can have different shapes, depending upon the machining operations for which they are to be tips can either be solid or with a central through hole, depending on whether brazing or mechanical clamping is employed for mounting the tip on the (或陶瓷刀尖)根據(jù)采用它們的機(jī)加工操作，可以有不同的形狀。The resulting machining marks are, therefore, a helix having a very small pitch, which is equal to the , the machined surface is always ，由此產(chǎn)生的機(jī)加工痕跡是一條具有很小節(jié)距的螺旋線，該節(jié)距等于進(jìn)給。很明顯在這兩種情況下機(jī)加工痕跡都是螺線形式。Taper turning is achieved by driving the tool in a direction that is not parallel to the lathe axis but inclined to it with an angle that is equal to the desired angle of the are the different methods used in taperturning practice:錐面車削：錐面車削通過沿著與車床主軸不平行而傾斜成一個等于錐面所需角度的方向進(jìn)刀來實(shí)現(xiàn)。).The workpiece is mounted between the two centers。During this process, the automatic axial feed can be used as method is remended for very long workpieces with a small cone angle, ., 8176。As previously mentioned, the axial feed is automatically generated when cutting a thread by means of the lead screw, which drives the the lead screw rotates a single revolution, the carriage travels a distance equal to the pitch of the lead ，當(dāng)依靠驅(qū)動大拖板的絲桿切削螺紋時軸向進(jìn)給是自動產(chǎn)生的。使用的刀具外形必須正好與要切削螺紋的輪廓一致，即三角形刀具必須用于三角形螺紋等等。Thread performing thread cutting, the axial feed must be kept at a constant rate, which is dependent upon the rotational speed(rpm)of the relationship between both is determined primarily by the desired pitch of the thread to be ：在螺紋切削作業(yè)時，軸向進(jìn)給必須保持恒定速率，這取決于工件的轉(zhuǎn)速(rpm)。這種方法用于車削很長的工件，其長度大于復(fù)式刀架的整個行程。在這種情況下，機(jī)加工作業(yè)時只有橫向進(jìn)給而大拖板則夾緊在床身上。如果初始工件是實(shí)心的，則必須首先進(jìn)行鉆孔作業(yè)。在端面車削操作中，進(jìn)給由橫向滑板提供，而切削深度則通過大拖板或復(fù)式刀架控制。this motion is then reproduced numerous times as a result of the axial feed motion of the ：圓柱面車削是所有車床操作中最簡單也是最普通的。 indicates an arrangement of this latter type, which includes the carbide tip, the chip breaker, the pad, the clamping screw(with a washer and a nut), and the ，它包括了硬質(zhì)合金刀尖、斷屑槽、襯墊、卡裝螺桿(帶有墊圈和螺母)及刀桿。與一般采用縱向進(jìn)給的車削作業(yè)相反，那些側(cè)表面通過采用橫向進(jìn)給產(chǎn)生。Lathe Cutting Tools車床切削刀具The shape and geometry of the lathe tools depend upon the purpose for which they are 。When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is fed, together with the carriage, along the the lever is disengaged, the half nuts are released and the carriage ，剖分螺母夾在一起作為單個螺母與旋轉(zhuǎn)的絲桿嚙合，并帶動拖板沿著床身提供進(jìn)給。套筒軸開口端的孔是錐形的，能安裝車床頂尖或諸如麻花鉆和鏜桿之類的工具。如果采取連續(xù)生產(chǎn)，棒料能通過此孔進(jìn)給。為減振它一般由灰鑄鐵或球墨鑄鐵鑄造而成。它也可以用于表面硬化產(chǎn)生“表面合金”。Altering the Surfaces改變表面The treatments that alter the surfaces include hardening treatments, highenergy processes and special 、高能加工和特殊處理。與物理蒸發(fā)沉淀在“可見范圍”對比，化學(xué)蒸發(fā)沉淀能將基體的所有表面都覆蓋。The thin coating, however, is fragile and not good for wear thermal evaporation process can also coat a very thick, 1mm, layer of heatresistant materials, such as MCrAIY—a metal, chromium, aluminum, and yttrium alloys, on jet engine ，這種薄涂層是易碎的并不適合用于磨損場合。ARC—A pair of wires are electrically energized so that an arc is struck across the tips when brought together through a air is blown across the arc to atomise and propel the autofed metal wire particles onto the prepared —當(dāng)一對金屬絲通過手持噴槍連到一起時，通上電橫過其末端劃燃電弧。Thermal spray is a generic term for a broad class of related processes in which molten droplets of metals, ceramics, glasses, and/or polymers are sprayed onto a surface to produce acoating, to form a freestanding nearnetshape, or to create an engineered material with unique ，噴涂到表面產(chǎn)生涂層的熔化小滴可以是金屬、陶瓷、玻璃和/或聚合物，形成獨(dú)立的近似純形或產(chǎn)生具有獨(dú)特性能的設(shè)計材料。陽極通常為被鍍金屬(假定該金屬能在電解液中腐蝕)。The inorganic coatings perform electroplatings, conversion coatings, thermal sprayings, hot dippings, furnace fusings, or coat thin films, glass, ceramics on the surfaces of the 、轉(zhuǎn)化層、熱噴涂、熱浸漬、熔爐熔融、或在材料表面涂上薄膜、玻璃、陶瓷。furthermore, the surface degree of finish is