【正文】 gaining popularity after the 1980s, notable after the formation of Audi. Volkswagen, which was dependent on Marcello Gandini and Gietto Giugiaro and Karmann, later formed the contemporary design language along with Audi. BMW’s foray into sports sedan marked a new trend in automobile design as it called for a sportylooking everyday sedan with Giovanni Michelotti , later enhanced by Ercole Spada right into the 1980s, and Klaus Luthe till mid1990s. The American born designer Chris Bangle hired by BMW in late1990s to redefine the brand and he used new single press technology for pound curves adding controversial styling elements in his designs. The Porsche family contribution were instrumental in the evolution of Porsche cars, while the Italian designer Bruno Sacco helped create various Mercedes Models from the 1960s till the 1990s. Italy In Italy, where art is often considered a serious profession since Renaissance period, panies like Fiat and Alfa Romeo played a major role in car design. Many coach builders were dependent on these two major manufacturers. Italian manufacturers had a large presence in Motorsports leading to several sport car manufacturers like Ferrari, Lancia, Lambhini, Maserati, etc. During late1950s the elegant Italian designs gained global popularity coinciding with the modern fashion and architecture at that time around the world. Various design and technical schools in Turin turned out designers in large scale. By the late1960s almost all Italian coach builders transformed into design studios catering to automakers around the world. The trend continued in the 1990s when the Japanese and Korean manufacturers sourced designs from these styling example is Pininfarina. The most famous Italian designers whose designs services were sought globally are Giovanni Michelotti, Ercole Spada, Bruno Sacco, Marcello Gandini and Gietto the following designers helped create the design foundations for most of the European brands in the postworld war II period, whose influence is still seen in present times. Sweden Sweden has Volvo and Saab and the Scandinavian landscape required that cars had to be sturdy and withstand Nordic climate conditions. The Scandinavian design elements are known for their minimalism and simplicity. One of the early original Scandinavian designs was the Saab 92021 by Sixten Sason and Gunnar Ljungstr246。一般來說這是共享在設(shè)計團(tuán)隊為鉛設(shè)計者認(rèn)為適當(dāng)?shù)臅r候。粘土 (工業(yè)的粘土片 ),或數(shù)字模型 ,并且隨著發(fā)展而來的圖紙。這些包括油漆、塑料、織物設(shè)計、皮革、谷物、地毯 ,這次 ,木修剪 ,等等。 歷史上美國的汽車設(shè)計 在美國 ,汽車設(shè)計達(dá)到了一個轉(zhuǎn)折點在 1924 年美國國家汽車市場開始達(dá)到飽和。福特不喜歡 modelyear 改變 ,因為他緊抓著一個工程師的概念的簡單、規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) ,并設(shè)計完整。他也因引入尖的尾巴的鰭 1956 年普利茅斯貝爾維蒂宮后改裝的所有其他底特律工作室。直到第一次世界大戰(zhàn)大部分制造商涉及機(jī)械可靠性而不是它的外觀。勒 Quement 從工程部門要求更多的自由。 英國汽車 ,直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)被出售 ,大部分在英國的殖民地。其他相當(dāng)熟悉的英國設(shè)計師被威廉城邑的 Bache 阿斯頓 20 世紀(jì)中期和后期中最有影響力的人物之一客車在德國是Karmann /設(shè)計師。意大利制造商已經(jīng)大量出現(xiàn)在賽車運動比賽導(dǎo)致幾個運動汽車制造商像法拉利 ,蘭西亞 ,蘭博基尼 ,瑪薩拉蒂 ,等等。 瑞典 瑞典沃爾沃 ,薩博和斯堪的那維亞景觀要求汽車已被堅固和抵御北歐的氣候條件。 外文翻譯 30005000 漢字 ,要求見《畢業(yè)設(shè)計 (論文 )指導(dǎo)工作條例》；外文參考資料閱讀量至少 3 篇以上。 譯 文 要 求 外文翻譯一律采用計算機(jī)錄入， 用 A4 紙打印輸出。 最著名的意大利設(shè)計師的設(shè)計服務(wù) ,是尋求在全球范圍內(nèi) ,Ercole 吉奧瓦尼Michelotti 布魯諾 Sacco 1994 和 Gietto Giugiaro Gandini,馬塞羅。 意大利 在意大利 ,在那里藝術(shù)通常被視為嚴(yán)重的行業(yè)自文藝復(fù)興時期 ,公司 ,如菲亞特和阿爾發(fā)羅密歐發(fā)揮了重大作用 ,在汽車設(shè)計。 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代后德國設(shè)計演變成了一個獨特的風(fēng)格常恭維他們土耳其汽車適合高工程部分路段。魯茨 ,帕特里克英國汽車工業(yè)從迎合各部門預(yù)算、體育、緊湊 ,效用 ,并 luxurytype 汽車。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)之后 ,與法國主帥消失的建筑行業(yè) ,除雪鐵龍 ,其他人堅持證明英國 和另外一種流行趨勢 ,直到她們獲得的財政穩(wěn)定。福特的野馬實現(xiàn)了創(chuàng)記錄的銷量的第一年 ,確立了小馬汽車生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)。他和設(shè)計師之間的戈登 Buehrig 傳奇 ,負(fù)責(zé)赤褐色851 和偶像繩 ,因而也就 自由的 Hupmobile(云雀文化和格雷厄姆好萊塢 )。較小的球員不能維持原來的速度和費用由每年的 restyling。設(shè)計師根據(jù)提供的信息發(fā)展主題和概念 ,再進(jìn)一步的細(xì)化和測試車輛模型。這里的程序都是一樣的 ,與外觀設(shè)計 (素描、數(shù)字模型和粘土模型 )。外觀設(shè)計首先是由一系列的數(shù)字或手動圖紙。 設(shè)計元素 設(shè)計團(tuán)隊的任務(wù)通常是分成了三個主要的方面 :外觀設(shè)計、室內(nèi)設(shè)計、色彩和內(nèi)飾設(shè)計。n DS. After World War II with the disappearance of the French coach building industry, with the exception of Citro235。s notions of simplicity, economics of scale, and design integrity. GM surpassed Ford39。Airflow39。m. Czechoslovakia Prior to World W