【正文】
rength↑ (應(yīng)變硬化) 直線斜率 m: 應(yīng)變硬化敏感度指數(shù), Temp ↑m ↑,m大可以延緩 necking發(fā)生,應(yīng)用在金屬薄板的成形。 ?壓力: 幾個(gè) ATM到 (500KST),液壓增加時(shí),材料破壞時(shí)的應(yīng)變量會(huì)大量增加(不容易破壞)。 (b) fourpoint bending. The areas on the beams represent the bendingmoment diagrams, described in texts on mechanics of solids. Note the region of constant maximum bending moment in (b)。如下圖 疲勞( Fatigue) 疲勞( Fatigue) SN Curves 疲勞( Fatigue) SN Curves Figure Typical SN curves for two metals. Note that, unlike steel, aluminum does not have an endurance limit. Endurance Limit/Tensile Strength versus Tensile Strength Figure Ratio of endurance limit to tensile strength for various metals, as a function of tensile strength. Because aluminum does not have an endurance limit, the correlation for aluminum are based on a specific number of cycles, as is seen in Fig. . ?潛變: 機(jī)械零件在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間承受一靜態(tài)負(fù)荷時(shí)所進(jìn)行的永久變形,原因?yàn)?晶界滑移( grainboundary sliding) 。 ? ,降低雜質(zhì)、空孔及不純物。 簡(jiǎn)支樑 (b) Izod. 懸臂樑 Ch 材料在製造過(guò)程及使用中的破壞與斷裂 延性 脆性塑性變形 多 少主控應(yīng)力 剪應(yīng)力 拉伸應(yīng)力破裂 破裂面 走向 破裂 ?Figure 、 Ch 材料在製造過(guò)程及使用中的破壞與斷裂 Ch 材料在製造過(guò)程及使用中的破壞與斷裂 ?圖 ( Ductile fracture) ( Ductile fracture) ?杯錐狀斷裂( Cupandcone fracture):空孔累積、生長(zhǎng)合併。 (a) annealed metal。 輻射的影響( Radition effects ) 桶形失真( barreling) :摩擦力 壓縮 (Compression) 壓縮 (Compression) Figure Disk test on a brittle material( 陶瓷 、 玻璃 ), showing the direction of loading and the fracture path. dtP??2? 壓縮 (Compression) ?蒲辛格效應(yīng)( Bauschinger effect 1881) :金屬受拉力進(jìn)入到塑性狀態(tài),將負(fù)荷釋放再施以壓縮應(yīng)力,此時(shí),壓縮的降伏應(yīng)力值比拉伸時(shí)低許多。 (然而 A較易滿足設(shè)計(jì)需求,強(qiáng)度大 ) Ch Ductility 延性 Elongation = (伸長(zhǎng)量) Reduction of area = (面積縮率、斷面縮率) 100)(00 ??lll f100)(00 ??AAA f Elongation versus % Area Reduction Figure Approximate relationship between elongation and tensile reduction of area for various groups of metals. Ch 應(yīng)力 應(yīng)變曲線之建立 ? Stressstrain curves True strain True stres