金融學(xué)外文翻譯word版(存儲版)
【正文】 EEA）或者與祖先有關(guān)的過去，人們大多從事他們知道的重復(fù)博弈。雖然在可比性顯然是不完美的，但這肯定是最好的定性措施。這樣的比較對歸納高收益經(jīng)濟(jì)行為是很重要的，但往往在發(fā)達(dá)國家是費(fèi)用昂貴的。除了測量社會偏好和社會規(guī)范，博弈實(shí)驗(yàn)也可以用于測量道德權(quán)威，參與者受益于合作博弈時其他參與者的決策，文化同質(zhì)化和在談判中地位的影響。）第二，支付給發(fā)達(dá)國家的研究支出資金總額預(yù)算通常在發(fā)展水平低的社會中具有非凡的購買力。后者的觀點(diǎn)可以解釋為什么不同的文化會有不同的規(guī)范。大致說來，社會偏好理論假定人們對金錢如何分配有穩(wěn)定的偏好（這可能取決于其他的參與者是誰，或者分配是如何而來的）就像他們被假定為對食物有偏好的經(jīng)濟(jì)人，現(xiàn)在與未來，如何更靠近家地工作等等。第二理論主導(dǎo)博弈論教科書和期刊。最后的部分描述了一些其他的人類學(xué)家可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)有用并得出結(jié)論的博弈。例如，如果許多人在一個社會中表現(xiàn)出不平等厭惡或互惠，他們將有意愿去懲罰那些不愿意分享失誤的人，因此沒有正式的機(jī)制來管理食品共享。同樣的，那些不喜歡不平等的人愿意采取代價高昂的行動來減少不平等雖然這可能會導(dǎo)致他們的物質(zhì)回報凈減少。自私自利的人只關(guān)心自己的物質(zhì)回報。目 錄外文文獻(xiàn) 11. Introduction 12. Games and game theory 23. Theories of social preferences 34. Why do game experiments? And which games? 35. Conclusions 4中文翻譯 4 4 5 6？用什么博弈？ 65. 結(jié)論 6外文文獻(xiàn)Measuring Social Norms and Preferences using Experimental Games: A Guide for Social Scientists Colin F. Camerer and Ernst Fehr1. Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to describe a menu of experimental games that are useful for measuring aspects of social norms and social preferences. Economists use the term “preferences” to refer to the choices people make, and particularly to tradeoffs between different collections (“bundles”) of things they value—food, money, time, prestige, and so forth. “Social preferences” refer to how people rank different allocations of material payoffs to themselves and others. Selfinterested individuals care only about their own material payoffs. The past two decades of experimental research have shown, however, that a substantial fraction of people in developed countries (typically college students) also care about the payoffs of others. In some situations, many people are willing to spend resources to reduce the payoff of others. In other situations, the same people spend resources to increase the payoff of others.As we will see, the willingness to reduce or increase the payoff of relevant reference actors exists even though people reap neither present nor future material rewards from reducing or increasing payoffs of others. This indicates that, in addition to selfinterested behavior, people sometimes behave as if they have altruistic preferences, and preferences for equality and Reciprocity, as we define it here, is different from the notion of reciprocal altruism in evolutionary biology. Reciprocity means that people are willing to reward friendly actions and to punish hostile actionsalthough the reward or punishment causes a net reduction in the material payoff of those who reward or punish. Similarly, people who dislike inequality are willing to take costly actions to reduce inequality although this may result in a net reduction of their material payoff. Reciprocal altruism typically assumes that reciprocation yields a net increase in the material payoff (for example, because one player’s action earns them a reputation which benefits them in the future). Altruism, as we define it here, means that an actor takes costly actions to increase the payoff of anothe
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