【正文】 概念： 過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去” — ——————— ———————— ——— 那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在 構成：過去完成時由“助動詞 had +過去分詞”構成，其中 had通用于各種人稱。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在： 1）表示意向的動詞，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時表示 原本 ?，未能 ? We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。（主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”） 2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是“過去的過去”，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。 四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關，其結構為“助動詞 have (has) + 過去分詞”；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，更強調“過去的過去”，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。 . has been raining since last Monday. 自上周一以來就一直在下雨。） Practice: I wish I could bring some laughter to my students who ____ so hard. work B. had worked C. have been working D. were working 2. –Isn’t it hard to drive downtown to work? Yes, that’s why I ____ to work by train. gone B. have been going C. was going D. will have gone 現(xiàn)在完成進行時和現(xiàn)在完成時的比較 : Note 1: 兩者都可表示延續(xù)至今的狀態(tài) , 但 現(xiàn)在完成進行 時強調動作的持續(xù)性；而現(xiàn)在完成時著重 說明一個事實。 Note 4 : 現(xiàn)在完成時通常只 陳述事實 ，而現(xiàn)在完成進行時還可表示一種 感情色彩 。 (可能窗戶尚未擦完 ) How many times have you swum in the lake? How long have you been swimming in the lake? Note 3 :現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作 重復的次數(shù) ，提問時用 how many times 。） 2. Susan has been crying. （ Susan’s eyes are red.） 蘇姍一直在哭。 I’ve been having a lot of colds. 最近天氣變化無常 , 我時常感冒。 \We had hardly begun when we were told to stop. 我們剛開始就被叫停。t seen each other since he went to Beijing. 三、過去完成時的主要用法 1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結束，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。 如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday 2. 由“過去的過去”來判定。 一般過去時 : 只著重說明動作發(fā)生在過去，與現(xiàn)在無關， 常與具體的過去時間狀語連用。 4個月了 . It is 2 years since his grandpa died. It is 3 years since Nick joined the army. It is a long time since he left Shenzhen. It is 4 months since I borrowed the book . 句型二 : This/It is the first/second 等序數(shù)詞 time + that 從句 (謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時 ) It’s the first time that Miss Liu has been to Taojiang. 句型三： It/This/That is the 最高級 + 名詞 that 從句（謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時） It’s the best film that I have ever seen. have / has gone to amp。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。t/hasn39。 當現(xiàn)在完成時 + 一段時間 注意： 1)Tom has studied Russian for three years. =Tom began to study Russian three years ago,and is still studying it now. 2)(錯 ) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 改為 : Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 誤 I have received his letter for two days. 正 I received his letter two days ago. I have had his letter for two days. It is two days since I received