【正文】 ver 和 Any 的用法 要達(dá)成否定的意思,有時(shí)我們也可以用 no 和 never 這些字，no 必須跟一個名詞，請看下面的例子： saw no students here. 28 are no lakes in this country. have no money. had no choice. has no friends. 以上這些例子也可以用 not 來表示否定的意思，如果用 not，則以上的句子應(yīng)該照下面的方式寫； did not see any student here. can not find any lake in this country. do not have any money. did not have any choice. does not have any friends. 除以上 not 之外，never 也可以表達(dá)否定的意思，以下都是 never 的例子，請注意 never 常用在完成式的句子里 ： I have never gone there. He has never written any song. They have never washed their clothes. 【練習(xí)二十四】 用 no，not 和 never 填空在以下的句子里: have ________money. selfish person does ________have any friends. is entirely alone. is living here. We can ________get into this house. single person loves me. loves me. person whom I saw did ________e. did ________go to work yesterday. had ________work to do yesterday. 10. I can ________find any one in this hall. 11. I have ________gone to America. 12. He has ________written to me. 第七章 問句(Questions) 7167。 3. 在我小的時(shí)候我常常喜歡打籃球，現(xiàn)在我不打籃球了，因?yàn)槲以幸淮诬嚨湥╟ar accident）。 9. 今天晚上我要寫一封信給你。 以下例子都是錯的 1.*He wills go to school. 2.*He will goes to school. 3.*They will went to work tomorrow. 4.*Tom is going to saw me tonight. 5.*Peter is going to working next month. 未來式常和別的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子 1. When you e tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei. 2. After I graduate, I am going to be a good doctor in Africa. 3. Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work. 4. After the war is over, every one will be happy. 5. I will go to a concert after my classes are over. 6. I will eat lunch as soon as I have time. 但千萬不可寫出以下錯誤的句子： *When you will e tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei. *After the war will be over, every one will be happy. *I will eat lunch as soon as I will have time. 【練習(xí)十八】 將以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用 will 或 to be going to： 1. 我明天要上教堂（go to church）。 。 。 。 ，我曾打電話給你。s people. （4）我在上大學(xué)以前，已經(jīng)學(xué)過微積分。 4167。Since 1974, I have studied English at school. （2）自從我大學(xué)畢業(yè)以后，我就在這里工作。 。 。 。We have already had two typhoons so far this year. （2）他今年已發(fā)表了三篇論文。Although he is young, he has already written three novels. （7）我打了二次電話給他，他都沒有回答。I have driven this car for a long time. （10）好久沒有下雨了。I have studied English since 1963. （2）自從 1975 年以后，我就住在這里。 ，我正在刷牙（brush my teeth）。 3167。 。 。 。 。有一次，有一個母親，向警察報(bào)案，說她的女兒失蹤了，她在記者面前，聲淚俱下地說 She was such a nice girl. 警察馬上覺得這位母親有問題，因?yàn)樗辉撚眠^去式的，用了過去式，表示女兒已經(jīng)死了，可是母親不是說她失蹤了嗎？為什么她用過去式，極有可能因?yàn)樗浪畠阂呀?jīng)死了，才脫口而出，用了過去式。 。 。 。 因此有些動詞是沒有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行式的，舉例來說 I am loving you. 是不通的，因?yàn)閲?yán)格說起來，love 是一種狀態(tài)，而不是一個動作。 。 。 以上所提到的助動詞，都有一個共同的特色，那就是這些助動詞后的動詞必須是原形動詞，以下的句子都是正確的： He can swim. He does not swim. I do not speak English. You must walk to work every day. I did not work yesterday. You may leave now. I will go to Taipei tomorrow. 4 以下的句子都是錯的： * I did not went. * He does not goes to work. * You must walked to work. 除了以上的助動詞以外，還有一個非常特殊的助動詞，那就是 have，在這個助動詞的后面，動詞絕對不能用原形動詞，以下是用這個助動詞的例子： I have been to England. I have slept all day. I have studied English since I was a child. been、slept 和 studied 都是過去分詞（ past participle），以下的句子也都是現(xiàn)在完成式，我們后討論完成式的時(shí)候，會將這些解釋清楚的。have 的過去式是 had，不論第幾人稱，一概都要用 had。這句話的正確說法是： I love you. 或者 I am in love with you. 我們中國人也會說〝我喜歡看電視〞，翻成英文，這變成 * I love watch television. 這個句子也犯了同樣的錯。 在這一章，我要將英文最基本的規(guī)則一一列下。 “我愛游泳”，因此有兩種正確的譯法： I love to swim. I love swimming. 以下的句子都是正確的： I hate to eat fish. I hate eating fish. I love to play basketball. I love playing basketball Ikeepgoingtochurch. 2 規(guī)則（３）：主詞如果是第三人稱，現(xiàn)在式及單數(shù)，動詞必須加 s. 我們中國人最不容易記得的規(guī)則，恐怕就是這一條了，以下的句子都是錯的。 英文中有一個動詞最為麻煩，那就是 am、are、is、was、were 等等，翻譯成中文，這都是，而這些動詞的來源都是 be，所以我們說這些動詞都是 verb to be。 首先，我們不妨舉一個例子來說明我們對現(xiàn)在式慣有的誤解，假設(shè)我們要說〝我在吃午飯〞，這總該用現(xiàn)在式了吧。 。 。 。 。 。 第三章　過去式和過去進(jìn)行式 3167。 我們因此不能輕易用過去式，但我們也千萬要注意，該用過去式的時(shí)候，一定要用過去式，以下句子都是錯的： *I go to school yesterday. *I see a movie last night. *My mother es to see me last month. *I eat three apples this morning. *He is happy yesterday. 以上句子的正確寫法是： I went to school yesterday. I saw a movie last night. My mother came to see me last month. I ate three apples this morning. He was happy yesterday. 【練習(xí)五】 將以下中文句子翻成英文，全部用過去式： 11 。 。 。 。 。舉例來說以下的中文句子： 我昨天去看你的時(shí)候，你正在打籃球，如譯成中文，就是 You were playing basketball when I went to see you yesterday. 以下是典型的過去進(jìn)行式用法 I was taking a bath when you called. I was watching TV when you came to see me. They were dancing when the teacher came in. They were singing in the station when the train arrived. Mr. Brown was cleaning his house when his son came home. 總而言之，過去進(jìn)行式通常牽涉到幾件事，這兩件事同時(shí)發(fā)生，其中一件事用過去式，另一件事用過去進(jìn)行式 【練習(xí)八】 將以下句子譯成英文，其中一部份使用過去進(jìn)行式： ，天在下雨。 ，他在拉小提琴。Since last year, I have never seen him. （5）自從 1950 年以后，他就一直在此工作。I have already written the letter. （2）他已經(jīng)完成了工作。I have seen President Lee. （3）我有生以來沒有跳過舞。比方說，〝我曾經(jīng)看過「鐵達(dá)尼號」〞，可以用現(xiàn)在完成式，因?yàn)檫@句話沒有指明任何特定的時(shí)間，假如說，〝我昨天晚上去看「鐵達(dá)尼號」〞，就一定用過去式，讀者不妨看看以下的比較： （a）I went to America last year.I have been to America. （b）I saw The Titanic last year.I have seen The Titanic twice. （c）I finished my homework late last night.I have finally finished my homework. （d）I studied English when I was a small child.I have studied English since I was a child. （e）I went to church yesterday.I have never been to church. 以下的句子是錯的，請?zhí)貏e注意： *（1）I have seen the movie last year. *（2）I have never been to America last year. *（3）He has never finished his work last night. 現(xiàn)在完成式常和 since、for 、already、never 、ever 等字一起使用，以下都是這類的例子： （1）I have already had dinner. （2）Since this summer began, we have already had two storms. （3）It has not rained for a long time. （4）I have never talked to this man before. （5）I have never met your father. （6）Have you ever been to America? 18 （7）He has already won three awards. （8）I have stayed here since June. Nev