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s don’t work in the THz regime Metals: high loss due to finite conductivity Dielectrics: high absorption 2. Low dispersion waveguides necessary for spectroscopy Early waveguides ?Coplanar striplines Frankel, IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 39, 6 (1991) Metal electrodes on a semiconductor substrate a = ~20 cm1 at n=1 THz a ~n3 Early waveguides ?Plastic ribbon waveguides Mendis, J. Appl. Phys., 88, 7 (2022) PE ribbon 150 mm thick Dispersive singlemode propagation No cutoff frequency a = ~1 cm1 Early waveguides ?Sapphire fiber Jamison, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 15 (2022) Singlecrystal sapphire fiber Diameter of 125, 250 and 325 mm a = ~1 cm1 Dispersive propagation, mainly attributed to the waveguide and not the material Dominance of HE11 mode despite multimode fiber Early waveguides ?Metal tubes McGowan, Opt. Lett., 24, 20 (1999) Stainless steel with an inside diameter of 280 mm a = cm1 Very dispersive multimode propagation Low frequency cutoff at THz Recent waveguides ?Parrallel metal plates Mendis, IEEE Microwave and wire