【正文】 parking spaces, etc.)]. Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.It is logical to ask the question about the bene?ts of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily bee familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems[20].Guidance systems signi?cantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the drivers–visitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehiclemiles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of prehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to ?nd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their ?nal destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. The proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as follows: Parkingpricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the ‘‘intelligent’’ parking system are given in Section 7, and Section 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.1. parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the prehensive solution approach to the plex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. For example, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for longterm parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (downtown, residential, mercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force muters to switch to diffierent alternatives of public transportation. Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and mercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. Authorities in Seattle signi?cantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown. Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees39。3. 由于條件及時(shí)間方面的關(guān)系，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用中仍有可能存在一些未曾發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題或者干擾，這就是在已有系統(tǒng)功能基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)和完善。 if(d=100) hanzi(0,0,4號(hào)車位有車)。 c=Sonic3()。 GPIO_Configuration()。 pos=x+y。 = GPIO_Mode_Out_PP。 RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOx|RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOy,ENABLE)。 } }//12864液晶顯示模塊初始化//初始化液晶，引腳初始化，發(fā)送初始化命令void initlcd12864(){ GPIO_Config()。 /* TIM enable counter */ TIM_Cmd(SONIC_TIMx, ENABLE)。 = TIM_ICSelection_DirectTI。//模式1設(shè)置輸出比較3模式 = TIM_OutputState_Enable。 //TIMxARR 設(shè)置自動(dòng)裝載值 =72。 //先占優(yōu)先級(jí) =0。 = GPIO_Mode_IN_FLOATING。 }：//打開(kāi)超聲波需要使用的系統(tǒng)資源的時(shí)鐘void Sonic_RCC_Configuration(void){ RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(SONIC_RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOx_OUT|SONIC_RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOx_IN,ENABLE)。 編制軟件程序車位誘導(dǎo)程序：系統(tǒng)初始化：一般情況，直接調(diào)用此函數(shù)將單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)時(shí)鐘設(shè)置在72MHzSystemInit()。第4章 系統(tǒng)軟件設(shè)計(jì) 程序流程圖初始化蕩脈沖電路單片機(jī)產(chǎn)生激起震檢測(cè)中心頻率是否修正f 是 調(diào)用檢測(cè)程序 否判斷是否有車F偏移量是否大于閾值 是 否修正f延時(shí)處理否 是有車調(diào)用通訊程序返回圖41 程序流程圖 設(shè)計(jì)要點(diǎn)1. 振蕩電路是由電感和電容組成的，在每次檢測(cè)完畢后，由于振蕩頻率的變化，在電容上可能有多余的電荷存在，經(jīng)過(guò)若干次檢測(cè)后，積累的電荷將擊穿電容，使設(shè)備不能正常工作。利用SPCE061A的語(yǔ)音壓縮算法庫(kù)和內(nèi)置的DAC等，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)清晰的語(yǔ)音播報(bào)功能，無(wú)需外加語(yǔ)音芯片。在測(cè)量過(guò)程中， 如果脈沖返回時(shí)間短于作為校準(zhǔn)基礎(chǔ)的地面返回時(shí)間， 傳感器將判定車輛在場(chǎng)。LM567的第5和6腳外接的電阻、電容決定了IC內(nèi)部壓控振蕩器的中心頻率，fo=1/。地感線圈車輛檢測(cè)器是一種基于電磁感應(yīng)原理的車輛檢測(cè)器。而車輛的圖像信息、IC卡數(shù)據(jù)信息的處理都將由值班室的上位機(jī)完成。無(wú)需任何人、也無(wú)需駕駛者的任何工具全自動(dòng)的計(jì)費(fèi)系統(tǒng)。計(jì)費(fèi)策略是計(jì)費(fèi)系統(tǒng)中心部件，沒(méi)有計(jì)費(fèi)策略就無(wú)法有效地計(jì)算出停車消費(fèi)的費(fèi)用。可以達(dá)到規(guī)范小區(qū)停車狀況，改善小區(qū)安全交通。對(duì)于普通平面車位，使用超聲波探頭是成熟可靠的技術(shù)。超聲波在介質(zhì)中可以產(chǎn)生三種形式的振蕩波：橫波，質(zhì)點(diǎn)震動(dòng)方向垂直于傳播方向的波；縱波，質(zhì)點(diǎn)振動(dòng)方向與傳播方向一致的波；表面波，質(zhì)點(diǎn)振動(dòng)介于縱波和橫波之間，沿表面?zhèn)鞑サ牟?。但車外誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)可以有效地輔助單個(gè)車輛。誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)通過(guò)車輛自帶的GPS導(dǎo)航提示駕駛路線，到達(dá)申請(qǐng)的車位。多個(gè)傳感器可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)出的校準(zhǔn)命令同步進(jìn)行校準(zhǔn)?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線系統(tǒng)由多個(gè)子系統(tǒng)組成，每個(gè)子系統(tǒng)可以為125個(gè)傳感器提供電源，可以配置多個(gè)方向指示器。為了提高識(shí)別率，除了不斷地完善識(shí)別算法還應(yīng)該想辦法克服各種光照條件，使采集到的圖像最利于識(shí)別[5]。由于字符在垂直方向上的投影必然在字符間或字符內(nèi)的間隙處取得局部最小值的附近，并且這個(gè)位置應(yīng)滿足牌照的字符書(shū)寫(xiě)格式、字符、尺寸限制和一些其他條件。某些車牌識(shí)別系統(tǒng)還具有通過(guò)視頻圖像判斷是否有車的功能稱之為視頻車輛檢測(cè)。它是一個(gè)以特定目標(biāo)為對(duì)象的專用計(jì)算機(jī)視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)，能從一幅圖像中自動(dòng)提取車牌圖像，自動(dòng)分割字符，進(jìn)而對(duì)字符進(jìn)行識(shí)別，它運(yùn)用先進(jìn)的圖像處理、模式識(shí)別和人工智能技術(shù)，對(duì)采集到的圖像信息進(jìn)行處理，能夠?qū)崟r(shí)準(zhǔn)確地自動(dòng)識(shí)別出車牌的數(shù)字、字母及漢字字符，并直接給出識(shí)別結(jié)果，使得車輛的電腦化監(jiān)控和管理成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。相對(duì)有源卡來(lái)說(shuō)，無(wú)源卡成本較低，但穿透力不夠。為了滿足小區(qū)停車場(chǎng)智能化管理的要求，設(shè)計(jì)編寫(xiě)了本方案，主要包括停車場(chǎng)出入口智能管理系統(tǒng)和停車場(chǎng)智能車位引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)，側(cè)重點(diǎn)在于車位誘導(dǎo)和車輛檢測(cè)。我國(guó)智能停車場(chǎng)市場(chǎng)需求劇增，2011年1月27日，工業(yè)化和信息部黨組織成員、總工程師朱宏任提出，2010年全國(guó)共生產(chǎn)1826萬(wàn)輛，銷售1806萬(wàn)輛汽車。停