【正文】 換刀系統(tǒng)、配件等等。在很大程度上，他們的觀點(diǎn)相當(dāng)?shù)闹饔^，不同的操作員個(gè)人的偏好不同。CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的成本也降到幾年前的一小部分。通過電纜，程序數(shù)據(jù)可以從便宜的臺式機(jī)或筆記本電腦傳送到CNC機(jī)床上。l 優(yōu)點(diǎn)從有利的一面看，手工編程也有不少不可比擬的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。CAD/CAM 和CNC對于改善CNC編程效率和正確率的重視，正是基于這個(gè)原因引入計(jì)算機(jī)采用各種方法來制定零件加工程序。在數(shù)控領(lǐng)域，計(jì)算機(jī)成為主角已有很長時(shí)間。它意味著把所有的加工元素整合成一體，從而可以產(chǎn)生更高的效率。當(dāng)幾何圖從CAD傳送到CAM系統(tǒng)時(shí)，只有刀具路線是需要的。典型的編程流程給CNC編程做計(jì)劃和其它計(jì)劃并沒有什么不同，它必須以合乎邏輯的系統(tǒng)方法進(jìn)行。推薦順序可能要作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，比如刀具的選擇能否安排在工件夾裝之后？零件的手工編程能否有效的使用？工程草圖是否真的需要？不要害怕改變所謂的理想流程，為了特定的作業(yè)零時(shí)或永久的改變，而去參考一個(gè)特定的CNC編程風(fēng)格。下面的條款列出了CNC編程時(shí)一個(gè)十分常見的邏輯順序。盡管如此，應(yīng)該意識到所有的電腦化編程技術(shù)都是基于成熟的手工編程技巧。重復(fù)會產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)誤。系統(tǒng)也因?yàn)槠潇`活的功能得到廣泛的應(yīng)用?？s略語CAD是指計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)，CAM是指計(jì)算機(jī)輔助加工。實(shí)際上好多在手工編程中學(xué)到的技能都可以直接應(yīng)用到CAD/CAM的編程中。l 缺點(diǎn)手工編程有一些缺點(diǎn)。典型的應(yīng)用軟件諸如使用廣泛功能強(qiáng)大的MasterCAM，還有很多其它軟件。在開始編程之前還要考慮清楚零件手工編程的難度有多大？機(jī)床是否適合？成本是多少？簡單的編程任務(wù)可以分配給初具經(jīng)驗(yàn)的程序員或者是操作員。有了這些知識，就可以使用各種高級編程方法，比如加工循環(huán)、子程序、宏和現(xiàn)代CNC系統(tǒng)其它節(jié)約時(shí)間的功能。所有的工件都必須在固定在夾具上，CNC機(jī)床的加工極限要大于工件尺寸，工件的重量不能超出容許的范圍。初始信息大多數(shù)工程圖只是定義了零件的形狀和尺寸，一般不標(biāo)明最初毛坯料的數(shù)據(jù)。 even small machine shops can afford a programming system in house. These systems are also popular because of their flexibility. A typical puterized programming system does not have to be dedicated only to programming – all related tasks, often done by the programmer, can be implemented on the same puter, for example, cutting tool inventory management, database of part programs, material information sheet, setup sheets and tooling sheets, etc. The same puter could also be used for uploading and downloading CNC programs.* IntegrationThe keyword in the acronym CIM is – integration. It means putting all the elements of manufacturing together and work with them as a single unit and more efficiently. The main idea behind a successful integration is to avoid duplication. One of the most important rules of using a CAD/CAM puter software is: Never Do Anything Twice!When a drawing is made in a CAD software (such as AutoCAD), then done again in a CAM software (such as MasterCAM), there is a duplication. Duplication breeds errors. In order to avoid duplication, most of the CAD system incorporate a transfer method of the design to the selected CAM system to be use for CNC programming. Typical transfers are achieved through special DXF or IGES files. The DXF stands for Data Exchange Files or Drawing Exchange Files, and the IGES abbreviation is a short form of Initial Graphics Exchange Specification files. Once the geometry is transferred form the CAD system to the CAM system, only the tool path related process is needed. Using a post processor (special kind of formatter), the puter software will prepare a part program, ready to be loaded directly to the CNC machine.* Future of Manual ProgrammingIt may seem that the manual programming is on the decline. In terms of actual use, this is probably true. However, it is necessary to keep in perspective that any puterized technology is based on the already well established methods of manual programming. Manual programming for CNC machines serves as the source of the new technology – it is the very elementary concept on which the puterized programming is based. This knowledge base opens the door for development of more powerful hardware and software applications.The manual programming may be use somewhat less frequently today and eventually will be used even less – but knowing it well – really understanding it – is and always will be the key to control the power of CAM software. Even puters cannot do everything. There are some special programming projects that a CAM software, regardless of the price, may handle to an absolute satisfaction. If the control system can handle it, manual programming is the way to the ultimate control over such a project, when any other methods may not be suitable.Even with a well customized and organized puterized programming system, how