【正文】 ho brags about the number of fights he has fought, and runs around on strong horses with his gang, causing much trouble in the town. When Crane was invited to a party at the Van Tassel39。(3) the first professional writer who started writing as a career in the history of American literature。 (3). the richness of his imagination。 2. regarded as “ America?s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”。 son of a sea captain。 Poet (18191891) His life : 1. born in New York, son of a gentleman who died in debt when he was eleven。 purity, innocence and youth Ahab —— man seeking to conquer nature A whaling voyage —— man?s journey in quest of the truth of nature Pequod and the crew —— American societyTheme: alienation between man amp。 3. ever worked as an office boy, printer, schoolmaster, editor, journalist and a volunteer nurse during the Civil War, which provided him with the firsthand knowledge of life and people in the new world. Representative work: Leaves of Grass 《草葉集》 1. America?s first genuine epic poem。 惠特曼 (1819 1892) The best and the most influential poet in the 19th century 11 His life: 1. born in a workingclass family in New York, son of a farmer and carpenter。 a man with one leg Plot summary: Page 83 in Chang?s book Symbolism: Page 86 in Chang?s book Moby Dick—— nature whiteness —— death amp。 In the early days of New England, puritans lived a strict and moral life. Major characters: Hester Prynne: “the fallen woman”Arthur Dimmesdale: young clergyman, Hester?s lover Roger Chillingworth: old scholar, physician, Hester?s husband Pearl: illicit daughter of Hester and her lover Dimmesdale Plot summary: Page 7475 in Chang?s book Theme: guilt and confession, morality The House of the Seven Gables (1851) 《帶七個尖角閣的房子》 Major characters: colonel Pyncheon 品欽上校； Matthew Maule 馬修 .莫爾 Plot summary: Page 72 in Chang’s book Theme: Sin will get punished, one way or another. 10 1. His works has his ?black? vision of life and human beings. He thought there was evil in every human heart. So in almost every book he wrote, Hawthorne discusses sin and evil. (Page 7172 in Chang’s book) 2. With his special interest in the psychological aspect of human beings, there isn?t much action, or physical movement going on in his works and he is good at exploring the plexity of human psychology. 3. Hawthorne is a master of symbolism. The scarlet letter “A”, the biggest symbol of all, takes on different layers of symbolic meanings as the plot develops. At first, it?s a symbol of shame, “Adultery”。 (2). Exaltation of the simple life。 His importance: 1. He was the leading New England Transcendentalist. 2. His aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature. It marked the birth of true American poetry. In his poetry, he developed a freeform, natural style, using symbols and imagery drawn from nature. His work had an immense impact on other poets of the time such as Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. Representative works: 1. Nature (1836)《論自然》： a philosophical work, an essay 2. “The American Scholar ” (1837)《美國學者》： a speech given at Harvard 3. SelfReliance (1840)《論自助》 : an essay Nature 《論自然》 1. a philosophical work about Emerson?s transcendental theories。 Question: Why did Cooper write about Natty from his old age to his youth? 4. Cooper’s writing style: Page 53 on Chang’s book(1). good at inventing plots。s descriptions of the two characters39。 born into a wealthy New York merchant family。s Almanac Poor Richard39。 let each part of your business have its time Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought。 ) 2. The 18thcentury American Enlightenment The 18thcentury American Enlightenment was a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather than tradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy. Enlightenment thinkers and writers were devoted to the ideals of justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man. America39。 《美國文學選讀》（上下冊）常耀信，南開大學出版社， 1991 年第 2 版 。 also called heroic poem ② : (1) a story told in a song, usu. in 4line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed。vecoeur (17351813) Letters from an American Farmer (1782) 4. Thomas Paine (17371809) Common Sense (1776) American Crisis (17761783) 5. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) The Declaration of Independence 6. Philip Freneau (17521832) The Rising Glory of America The Wild HoneySuckle (1786) The Indian Burying Ground (1787) Benjamin Franklin (17061790) His life: He was born in 1706 into a poor candlemaker?s family. He was the 15th child . He went to work at age ten and had very little formal education when he was young. But he was very clever and hardworking. He read 4 widely, taught himself languages and practiced writing. He helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration of Independence in 1776. In whatever field he happened to appear, he achieved a success. Writer, printer, scientist, statesman, political economist, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected figure of his time. He was the first great selfmade man in America. His works: 1. Autobiography 《自傳》 2. Poor Richard39。 be always employed in something useful。s pamphlet Common Sense (1776)《常識》 boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, he became the spokesman of the American Revolution. The booklet was warmly received in the colonies both as a justification for their cause of independence and as an encouragement to the painfully fighting people. His chief contribution was a series of 16 pamphlets (17761783) entitled American Crisis. Thomas Jefferson (17431826) Thomas Jefferson was a founding father of the US, the author of the draft of the Declaration of Independence, and the t